History of Church Growth: Syllabus and Assignments

The young African Church can learn much from the historical Church victories and defeats experienced on other continents, by other men, and in other time periods. The course emphasizes neither dates nor historical facts. Rather, it studies the reasons behind the strengths and weaknesses of the Church, its boldness and its fear, its spirituality and its carnality, its growth and decline. By the end of the course, it will be evident that the key to growth and victory in the Church has always been a vibrant and dynamic evangelism. It is complementary to the course, Movements of Church Growth.

Unit	Lesson	Assignment
1. Introduction	Syllabus and Assignments	Regular attendance in class.
2. Introduction	Outline, Context, & Questionnaires
3. Early Church	Jesus and the Great Commission
4. Roman Empire	Expansion of the Church
5. Roman Empire	Tolerance of the Church
6. Roman Empire	Sects within the Church
7. Roman Empire	Missions by the Church
8. Early Middle Ages	Organization of the Church
9. Early Middle Ages	Invasions by Muslims and Vikings
10. Late Middle Ages	Crusades	1-2 page report on Church history book.
11. Late Middle Ages	Legacy of the Crusades
12. Late Middle Ages	Organization of the Church
13. Late Middle Ages	Pre-Reformation
14. Late Middle Ages	Persecution of the Church
15. Reformation	Lutherans
16. Reformation	Calvinists: The Reformed Church
17. Reformation	Persecution of French Reformers
18. Reformation	Anabaptists
19. Reformation	Mennonites / Amish
20. Reformation	Catholic Response: Counter Reform	5-10 page history of your denomination
21. Reformation	Dutch Reform and Arminianism
22. Reformation	Jansenists
23. Reformation	Key Anglicans
24. Reformation	Anglican Doctrine and Politics
25. Reformation	Puritans, Separatists, Baptists
26. Reformation	Pietists and Moravians
27. Reformation	Presbyterians
28. Reformation	Methodists
29. Western Missionary	Missionaries to American Indians
30. Western Missionary	Missionaries to India	A report on an evangelist or missionary
31. Western Missionary	Missionaries to Africa
32. Western Missionary	Missionaries to China
33. Western Missionary	Missionaries to Pacific Islands
34. Western Missionary	European & American Missions
35. Western Missionary	American denominations
36. Western Missionary	The Student Volunteer Movement
37. World Christianity	Student Missionaries
38. World Christianity	Single Women Missionaries
39. World Christianity	World Mission Conferences	Completion of questionnaires
40. World Christianity	Retreat of the West	Final exam in the next class
41. Final exam

Outline and General Context

I. Outline

A. The First Century Church 27 - 65

B. The Roman Empire 65 - 500

C. The Early Middle Ages 500 - 950

D. The Late Middle Ages 950 - 1500

E. Reformation and Expansion 1500 - 1800

F. Skepticism and Revival

G. The Great Missionary Century 1800 - 1900

H. World Christianity 1900 - 2000

II. General Context

A. The youth of Christianity

1. Animism - very ancient diminishing

2. Polytheism - Egypt, Italy, Greece diminishing

3. Zoroastrianism - Persia diminishing

4. Hinduism - 3000 yrs. old, India apogee 1500

5. Judaism - 3000 yrs. old, Israel diminishing

6. Confucianism - 2500 yrs. old, China diminishing

7. Buddhism - 2500 yrs. old, India apogee 500

8. Christianity - 2000 yrs. old maintaining

9. Manicheism - 1700 yrs. old extinct

10. Islam - 1300 yrs. old, Arabia advancing

B. The uniqueness of Christianity

1. More widespread than any other religion has ever been

2. God comes down to man instead of man going up to God.

3. The evolution of Christianity (three interpretations)

4. Christianity is decaying: post-Christian era in Europe

5. Christianity is expanding: largest expanse of any religion

6. Christianity will rise and fall until the end of the world.

C. The Pre-Christian Context

1. Egypt

2. Babylon

3. Israel

a) It never ranked with major empires, even under Solomon.

b) Disasters of the 8th and 6th centuries hurt the empire.

c) Faith was often purified after their trials.

d) Judaism holds its people together.

4. Greece

a) Antiochus Epiphanes - Seleucids B. C. 215 -163

b) Realm in Syria

c) Hellenization of Jewish society

d) Maccabeen Revolt

5. Rome

Jesus and the Great Commission

"What began as a Jewish sect in A.D. 30 had grown into a world religion by A.D. 60. " (J. Herbert Kane)

I. Biblical Activity

A. Make disciples Mt. 28:19,20

B. Preach the good news Mk. 16:15,16

C. Preach repentance and forgiveness Lk. 24:46-48

D. Go with divine authority Jn. 20:21

E. Receive power and be witnesses Ac. 1:8

II. Early Church Events

A. The crucifixion The sacrificial lamb of atonement

B. The resurrection The gift of eternal life

C. Pentecost The gift of the H. S.

D. The Church of Jerusalem The first church

E. Paul's missionary journeys The first mission agency

III. Church Planters

A. Peter 64	Jerusalem (Bible) - Rome (legend)	"The first Pope"
B. John	Jerusalem (Bible)	Last apostle to die probably
C. James the Younger	Jerusalem (Bible)
D. James the Elder	Spain (legend)
E. Thomas	India (legend)	First church at Madras, Tamil Nadu
F. Matthew	Ethiopia (legend)
G. Andrew	Scythe (legend)
H. Bartholomew	Arabia and India (legend)
I. Paul Þ His persecution 1. 2 Corinthians 11:25-28 2. Interpersonal conflicts a) Dispute over John Mark · Paul with Silas · Barnabus with nephew, John Mark b) Meat offered to idols at Corinth c) Circumcision of Gentile Christians d) His Execution in Rome (legend) 64	Þ His journeys (Acts) Þ A period of ten years 47 - 57 1. Cyprus, Pamphilia, Galatia, Asia (Ephesus, Colossae) 2. Syria, Cilicia, Galatia, Asia, Macedonia (Thessalonica, Philippi), Achaia (Athens, Corinth) 3. Syria, Asia, Galatia, Macedonia	Þ His Strategy 1. Centers of trade and political influence 2. Synagogues 3. Public places 4. People from all levels of society 5. Independent churches (not mission stations) 6. Self support ministry (tent making)
J. Timothy	Þ Ephesus (Bible)
K. Titus	Þ Crete (Bible)

IV. Persecutions

A. Martyrs

B. Persecutors

· Jesus 30

· Steven 31

· James the Elder 44

· Jews, Agrippa, Pontius Pilate 10 - 44

· Jews (Saul) and Herod Agrippa

· Jews and Herod Agrippa

· James the Younger 62

· Paul (legend) 64

· Peter 64

· Accused of setting fire to Rome. 64

· Nero (37 - 68) 54 - 68

Expansion of the Church

I. Evangelism

A. Preaching and teaching of evangelists:

B. Personal witness of believers

C. Every Christian a missionary

D. Equal treatment of social classes

E. Acts of kindness and charity

F. Faith shown in persecution and death

G. Intellectual reasoning of apologists: Origen, Tertullien

H. Meetings: synagogues, public places, homes, secret

II. Church Planting

Þ Asia	Þ Europe	Þ N. Africa
1. Armenia	1. England	1. Alexandria
2. India	2. France	2. Algeria
3. Mesopotamia	3. Italy	3. Tunisia
4. Palestine	4. Spain
5. Syria

III. Persecutions ("The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church" - Tertullian)

Þ Martyrs / Lieu / Dates	Þ Emperors / Reign / persecution
1. Babylas 2. Polycarp, Bishop / Smyrna, Asia / 70 - 156 · “For eighty-six years I have been His servant, and Hehas never done me wrong. How can I blaspheme my King who saved me? (. . . ) The fire you threaten burns for a time and is soon extinguished; there is a fire you know nothing about -- the fire of the judgment to come and of eternal punishment , the fire reserved for the ungodly. " (reported by Eusebius) 3. Justin Martyr Rome, Italy 100 - 165
4. Perpetua / Carthage, Tunisia / 203 5. Felicitas 6. Saturus 7. Revocatus 8. Secundulus 9. Origen Tyre, Lebanon 185 - 254	1. Septimus Severus/ 193-211 / 202 - 203
10. 20th Pope Fabian / Rome, Italy / 236 - 250 11. Agatha Catania, Italy 251	2. Decian / 249-251 / 249 - 251
12. 21st Pope Cornelius Rome, Italy 251 - 253 13. 24th Pope Sextus II Rome, Italy 257 - 258 14. Cyprian Carthage, Tunisia 258	3. Valerian / 253-260 / 257 - 258
15. Agnes Rome, Italy 304 16. 29th Pope Marcellinus Rome, Italy 296 - 304 17. 30th Pope Marcellus Rome, Italy 308 - 309 18. 31st Pope Eusebius Rome, Italy 309 - 310	4. Diocletian / 284-305 / 303 - 312

Tolerance of the Church

I. Emperor Constantine 306 - 337

A. Conversion 312

B. Edit of Milan 313

C. Impact on the Church

D. A more comfortable Christianity: Decline in a vibrant Christian testimony

E. A political organization resembling that of the Roman Empire

F. Nominal Christianity throughout the Roman Empire

G. A clergy / laity split:

"By A. D. 300 the Church had shown such tremendous strength and virility, and was spreading so swiftly, that it appeared the entire civilized world could be evangelized by A. D. 500. But something happened. Emperor Constantine in the year 313 issued the Edict of Toleration by which the long agonizing persecution of the Christians was at last brought to a halt. In the following decades numerous other edicts favoring the Christians were passed, until at last the whole Roman Empire was declared by fiat to be Christian. Thus millions of barbarians flooded into the Church, bringing with them all of the pagan superstitions and heresies. They didn't even know the gospel. They had never experienced its transforming power and, of course, they could not go out and tell others about it. So, little by little, the idea arose that there was a division between the clergy and the laity, and that this task of evangelism was the job of professionally trained individuals. " (Kennedy, James. Evangelism Explosion. Page 4. )

II. Missionaries after Roman tolerance

A. Ulfilas 311 - 381

1. Raised in Romania

2. Diplomatic service to Constantinople 331 - 341

3. Ministry to Gothic soldiers in Roman army

4. Disciple of Eusebius

5. Influence of Arius, a contemporary

6. Difficulty with the divinity of Christ

7. Sinless Christ essentially different from God

8. Bishop to the Goths in Romania 341 - 381

9. Translator of the Bible into Gothic

10. Rivalry between the Romans and the Goths

11. Roman appointment of Ulfilas, political in nature

B. Patrick 390 - 460

1. Neither Roman Catholic nor Irish

2. Born in the Roman province of Britain 390

3. Christian family in the Celtic church

4. Slave to Ireland in mid-teens

5. Conversion while in six years of slavery

6. Escape to St. Honorat on the French Riviera

7. Macedonian call to return to Ireland

8. Study in Auxerre, France

9. Missionary to Ireland 432

10. Power encounters with the druids

11. Religious toleration proclaimed by King Loigaire

12. Strategy

a) Win the political leader (even with gifts)

b) Intensive biblical training to the converts

c) Encouragement that converts become ministers

13. Implantation of over 200 churches

14. Baptism of over 100,000 converts

Sects within the Christian Church

I. Cabalism

A. Mystical, esoteric method of interpreting Scripture

B. Claim of descent by oral tradition from Abraham

C. Occult meanings in every letter and word of Scripture

II. Zoroastrianism

A. Dualistic religion of Persia

B. Founder Zoroaster, Iranian religious prophet 6 B. C.

C. Sacred writings, Zend Avesta

D. Dualistic doctrine of good and evil

E. Good god Ahura Mazdah and evil god Ahriman

F. People of righteousness and people of falsehood

G. Three commandments

H. Think good thoughts

I. Speak good words Perform good deeds

III. Gnosticism

A. Mixed sources in Zoroastrianism, Cabalism, Christianity

B. Distant god united with the evil world of matter

C. Salvation made possible through esoteric knowledge

D. O. T. god antithesis of the true God

E. Jesus was not God-man

F. No death for salvation

G. Death for knowledge of secret truths and formulas

H. Two types of gnostics

I. Ascetics trying to crush evil matter

J. Libertarians believing that it made no difference

IV. Arianism

A. Christ is subordinate to the Father

B. Christ created, begotten, but not eternal

C. Condemnation at the First Council at Nicea 325

D. Founder is Arius 256 - 336

E. Excommunicated, later reinstated 321

V. Montanism 2nd - 4th centuries

A. Founder Montanus

B. Phrygian Christian who prophesied 156 - 172

C. Superiority of prophecy over church hierarchy

D. Proclamation of the coming of the spirit of truth

E. Proclamation of the imminent return of Christ

F. Emphasis on speaking in tongues

G. Emphasis on abstinence from worldly practices

H. Emphasis on martyrdom

VI. Pelagianism

A. Founder Pelagius 360 - 420

B. British theologian and monk

C. Visit to Rome to refute Augustinian teachings

D. Saying: "If I ought, I can. "

E. Doctrine

F. Natural ability of man to do good

G. Natural innocence of man

H. Primacy of human will in salvation

I. Possibility of sinless perfection

J. Opposition to predestination and original sin

K. Condemnation by Council of Ephesus 431

Missions by the Church

I. To the Celts (a purer form of missionary work than the Roman)

A. Columba- Scotland 521 -597

1. He was an Irish deacon, then priest; he established many monasteries: Derry, Durrow, Kells.

2. He fought with King Diarmuid of Ireland, switched from home missions to foreign missions 563

3. He established a monastery on the island of Iona

4. He evangelized the Picots and King Brude of the Scots

5. He had power encounters with the druids

6. Competition between two missions: Initial work by Celts, dominant work by Romans

B. Columbanus - France 540 -615

1. He was an Irish poet and missionary to Europe

2. He established many monasteries

C. Augustine- England 597

1. He was the first Archbishop of Canterbury.

2. He began his ministry as a monk in Saint Andrew’s Monastery in Rome.

3. Pope Gregory I asked him to lead a team of missionaries to England.

4. They arrived on the Island of Thanet, to the Southwest of England. 597

5. Ethelbert, the King of the Jutes, welcomed them.

6. His preaching and his missionary team won thousands of English to Christ, including the King.

II. To the Chinese and the indians: The Nestorians 635

A. Nestorius (Include nestorianism in lesson 5 on roman sects)

1. Born of Persian parents.

2. Studied under Theodore of Mopsuestia.

3. A monk at Antioch, an excellent preacher.

4. Chosen by Emperor Theodosius II as Patriarch of Constantinople.

5. Mary: Against the “Mother of God,” preferred “the Mother of Christ,” accepted “Mother of man.”

6. Separated the two natures of Christ, but worshipped the Christ of both natures.

7. Condemned as a heretic at the Council of Ephesus, exiled to Antioch, then died in Egypt. 431

III. To the Dutch: Willibrord 700

IV. To the Germans

A. Boniface (680-675) 720

1. Born in England, called to be an “Apostle to Germany” 718

2. He evangelized the “barbaric invaders” for 3 years: Franks, Angles, Saxons

3. He was named bishop. 723

4. He founded the Abbey of Fulda, on of the most famous in Germany. 743

5. He became archbishop of Mainz 748-754

6. He died at the hands of an angry mob. 755

Conclusion: Loss of vitality with the Church

1. Top-heavy hierarchy

2. Sacramentalism

3. Observance of ceremonies

4. Passive role of laity

5. Prayers to Mary and the saints

6. Veneration of relics

7. Pilgrimages

8. Institution more important than Word

9. False doctrines (purgatory, infallibility of pope)

10. Corruption and immorality of leadership

Organization of the Church

I. The Church Split

Þ Western Church	Þ Eastern Church
1. Roman	1. Nestorian
2. Latin speaking	2. Syriac speaking
3. Politically minded	3. Missionary-minded

II. The Western Church Structure

Þ Roman Church Structure	Þ Feudal Structure
1. Pope	1. Emperor
2. Archbishops	2. Grand nobility: Lords
3. Bishops	3. Petty nobility
4. Priests	4. Land owners
5. Military orders	5. Knights
6. Clerics	6. Minstrels
7. Laity	7. Serfs

III. Monasticism

Þ Strong Points	Þ Weak Points
1. Discipleship	1. Salvation by works
2. Spiritual retreat	2. Isolationism
3. Lay movement	3. Gnostic tendencies
4. Academic center	4. Elitist
5. Anti-formalism	5. Celibacy
6. Anti-nominalism	6. Mariolatry
7. Anti-institution	7. Decline
8. Periodic missionary efforts	8. Wealth
	9. Feudalism
	10. Nobility

IV. Monastic Orders

Þ Orders	Þ Founders / Patrons	Þ Places
1. Benedictines	1. Benedict of Nursia (480-547)	1. Mount Cassino, Italy (529) 2. Mont St. Michel, France (1150)
2. Clunisians	2. Duke William of Aquitaine	3. Cluny, France (910)
3. Cistercans	3. Hildebrand (Gregory VII) (1078-1085) 4. Robert de Molesme (de Champagne)	4. Molesme, France (1075)
4. Canons Regular		5. Citeaux, France (1098)
5. Knights Templar	5. Bernard de Clairvaux (1091-1153) 6. Arnold de Brescia	6. Clairvaux, France (1115)

V. CHRISTIAN RULERS

Þ Clovis 466 - 511	Þ Alfred the Great 849 - 899
1. King of the Franks 481 - 511	1. King of Wessex 871 - 888
2. Convert to Catholicism 496	2. King of England 878 - 899
Þ Charlemagne 742 - 814	3. Conqueror of the Danes 886
3. King of the Franks 768 - 814	4. Translator of Bede's, Church History
4. Holy Roman Emperor 800 - 814
5. Father of Carolingians
6. Conversion of others by the sword

Invasions by the Muslims and vikings

I. Islam - submission to God's will

A. The Founder: Mohammed

1. Born in 570 A. D at Mecca, Arabia, grew up with an uncle, parents having died

2. Married a rich widow, Khadijah, having looked after her caravan trade

3. After age of 40, received "revelations" from God, shared Gabriel's vision with family and slave

4. Those close to him believed

5. Revelations stressed the worship of one true God and strong ethical content

6. Hell and judgment for the idolatrous

7. Flight from Mecca to Medina in June, 622 because of threats to his life

8. The Muslim calendar dates from the "hijra," June, 622 (0 year of A. H. )

9. Lead very well in Medina and attracted many followers

10. By 631, Mohammed and followers were strong enough to attack Mecca

11. Death in 632, the last and greatest prophet of God

B. Beliefs: salvation by works

1. The Quran - recitation - formulated from 610 to 632 A. D.

2. The surahs are arranged according to their length, not chronologically

a) Early "surahs" or chapters were stirring sermons delivered in Mecca

b) Later "surahs" in Medina contain practical advice on political, social, & military organization

3. Monotheistic - anti-polytheistic, anti-trinitarian

4. Inspiration - The words of the Quran are literally the words of God, in Arab, magical to many.

C. Practices

1. Legalistic and militaristic

2. The pillars of Islam

a) Shahada - Confession of the creed

b) Salat - Prayer five times a day, facing Mecca

c) Zakat - Charitable giving (2 1 / 2 % of earnings) to the poor and for religious causes

d) Ramadan - Fasting during the daylight hours of the 9t^h month of the Muslim lunar calendar.

e) Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

f) Jihad - Exertion on behalf of God, including holy war

D. Territories conquered

1. Middle East (Palestine, Constantinople)

2. N. Africa 650

3. Spain (driven out in 1492)

E. Reasons for its expansion

1. Christianity was not indigenized

2. Christianity was politically imposed

3. Rivalries among Christian sects

II. Vikings (Normands, Scandinavian pirates)

A. Territories conquered 9th - 11thTerritories

1. Russia (Kiev) 860

2. Iceland 874

3. France (Normandy) 911

4. Greenland 982

5. America 1000

6. England 1066

B. Reasons for European expansion

1. Decline of Charlemagne

2. Power vacuum

3. Weak central government

C. Conversions

1. Olaf Tryggason- King of Norway 995

2. Olaf Haraldsson - King of Norway

The Crusades (1000 - 1300)

I. Reasons for the Crusades

Þ Economic

1. Famine

2. Poverty

3. Overpopulation

Þ Religious

1. Best "good work"

2. Pilgrimage to Holy Land

3. Spiritual warfare

Þ Military

1. Young sons of nobles

2. Protection of pilgrims

Þ Political

1. Unity of Church

2. Conquest of lost territories

3. Increase in the power of Rome

II. A Summary of Each Crusade

(1st)157th Pope Urban II - 1096 - 1099

1. Stimulants

· Plenary indulgence offered

· Release from time in purgatory

· Honor of martyrdom

· "The Will of God"

2. Results

· Conquests: Edessa, Nicea, Tarsus, Antioch, Jerusalem 1099

· Institution of feudal system

· Greater brutality than Muslims

· Control for 50 years

(5th) 174thPope Innocent III 1217 - 1221

1. People

· John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem

· Andrew II, King of Cyprus and Hungary

2. Stimulants

· Crusade of the Children (died in transit)1215

3. Results

· Conquest of Damiet, Egypt 1219

· Loss of Damiet, Egypt 1221

· Emperor Fredrick II (1194-1250) 1229

· Negotiated Conquest

· Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth

(2nd) 65^thPope Eugene III 1147 - 1149

1. People

· Bernard de Clairvaux 1146

· King Louis VII of France, Emperor Conrad III

2. Stimulants

· Fall of Edessa 1144

· The stronger Muslim forces

3. Results

· Defeat at Damascus

(6th) King Louis IX of France 1248 - 1254

1. Stimulants

· Fall of Jerusalem 1244

· Destruction of the French Army

2. Results

· Conquest of Damiet, Egypt 1249

· Partial Conquest of Egypt

· Defeat and Capture of the King 1250

· Negotiated Loss of Damiet, Egypt

· Negotiated Release of the King

(3rd) 171st Pope Gregory VIII 1189 - 1192

1. People

· William, Archbishop of Tyre

· Emperor Fredrick Barberousse

· King Philip Auguste of France

· King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England

2. Stimulants

· Fall of Jerusalem 1187

3. Results

· Conquest of Cyprus and Acre

· Treaty to be able to visit Jerusalem

(7th) King Louis IX of France 1269 - 1270

1. Stimulants

· King's desire to convert the Sultan of Tunisia

2. Results

· King dies at Tunis, Tunisia 1270

(4th) 174th Pope Innocent III 1202 - 1204

1. People

· Peter Capuano and Foulques de Neuilly

· Boniface de Montferrat

· Baudouin de Flandres

· Dandolo

· Geoffroy de Villehardouin

2. Results

· Conquest of Constantinople 1204

· Baudouin named Latin emperor

· Retreat of Byzantines to Nicea 1204 - 1261

(8th) Prince Edward I of England (1239-1307)1272 - 1307

1. Results:

· Failure to save Acre in Galilee 1291

The Legacy of the Crusades

I. Militaristic evangelism (deformed sense of mission)

A. No need to convert infidels

B. Need to exterminate infidels

C. Evolution from pacifism to "just war"

II. Increased exploration

A. Asia

B. Africa

C. South America (feudalism still felt today)

III. Stimulation

A. Economic:

1. Rise of a middle class

2. Trade routes opened

3. Northern Italy (Genoa, Venice)

4. Over Alps down the Rhine

B. Political

1. Rise of the nation state

2. Weakening of the feudal state

3. Creation of the town, "the third state"

C. Cultural

1. Byzantine architecture imported

2. Travel and ethnic exchange

IV. Division

A. Permanent split between East / West churches

B. Increased conflict between Muslims and Christians

V. Inquisition

A. Catholic organization against heresy (Muslims, Jews, Cathares, Waldensians)

B. Locations notably in France, Portugal, & Spain

C. Spanish New Inquisition 1478 - 1484

VI. Bitter Relationships

A. The Muslims still consider Christians as the aggressors, and vice-versa.

B. The Crusades have proved to be an obstacle in evangelizing the Muslims today.

VII. A Spiritual Decline

A. The Church’s followers forsook the teachings of Jesus on Loving our enemies.

B. The Church’s followers went the way that “seemed right,” but it was the way of the flesh, not the way of the Spirit. Prov. 14:12

Conclusion: A Historian’s Evaluation

“Seen from a historical perspective, the entire movement of the Crusades was an enormous fiasco .... The triumphs of the Crusades were a triumphs of the faith, but faith without wisdom is a dangerous thing .... The historian, as he contemplates over the centuries, the crusaders’ courage, must realize that his admiration is covered with sadness because of the testimony it gave to the limitations of human nature. There was a lot of courage, but so little honor, a lot of devotion, but so little understanding. The high ideals were tarnished by cruelty and greed, the enterprise and the endurance by self-justification which was blind and narrow. The Holy War itself was nothing more than a long act of intolerance in the name of God, which is sin against the Holy Spirit” (S. Runciman. A History of the Crusades, Vol. III, 1954, pp 469,480).

Organization of the Church

Introduction

1. Three Types of orders: Friars, Sisters, Lay movement

I. Three Orders

Þ The poor Catholics 1207

1. Precursors

2. Goal to win back Waldensians

3. Suppression by Church

Þ Dominicans 1214

1. St. Dominique 1170 - 1221

2. The order of preachers

3. Disciples in strategic places in Europe

4. Dedicated to combating heresy

5. High level of learning

6. Outward towards world

7. Not inward towards cloister

Þ Franciscans 1223

1. Francis of Assisi 1181 - 1226

2. "The little poor man"

3. Dedicated to poverty (begging)

4. Dedicated to itinerant evangelism

5. Growth

6. Missionary Outreach

7. Popular Institution

8. Group Splits: 3 branches

· The Lesser Friars

· The Capuchins and the Clarissas

· Brothers and Sisters of Penitence

II. Missions

Þ Nestorian : Asia

1. Central Asia 11th

2. India 13th - 14th

3. China 1250 - 1300

· Mongols

· Never Christian

· Kublai Khan

· Catholic missions followed

Þ Scholastic: theology : europe,12th

1. A new intellectual society

· Harmony between faith and reason

· Priority of theology over philosophy

· Christian dogma with Aristotle's theories

· Heavenly to earthly focus (man-centered)

· Influence of Renaissance thought

2. Famous scholastics

· Anselm 1050 - 1117

· Peter Abelard 1079 - 1142

· Peter Lombard 1100 - 1160

· Bonaventura 1221 - 1274 -"We believe to know. "

· Thomas Aquinas 1227 - 1274 - "We know to believe. "

Þ Catholic: Russia to China Sea

1. Franciscans: Persia

· 17 mission stations

· Tolerant

2. Dominicans: China

· Little evangelistic effort

· Subject the Eastern Church to Roman.

· Arrival of Marco Polo's father

· Subsequent teaching ministry

· Establishment of Franciscan churches

· Conquest of Ming Dynasty over Mongols

· End of Christian Church

· Mongols became Buddhist and Muslim

· Christianity a foreign invader

Þ Catholic: Middle East - N. Africa

3. Raymond Lull 1235 - 1315

· Roman Catholic priest

· Burden to win all people

· 1st great attempt to reach Muslims

· Arab and Hebrew teacher in university

· Three missionary journeys to N. Africa

· Stoned to death at age 80

· Plan for missionary training monastery

· Request for papal authority

· Socio-cultural commentary

· Latin Roman Catholic Church ethnocentric

· Lull an advocate of vernacular ministry

The Pre-Reformation

I. Need for reformation

A. Wealthy and greedy church

B. Papacy most luxurious court in Europe

C. Heavy taxation on people

D. Indulgences - The suppression of the punishment that one suffers in purgatory, based on merit or on money paid

E. Papal Schism (71 years) 1378 - 1449

1. One pope in Rome, Italy

2. One pope in Avignon, France

II. Change in political theory

A. Church and State formed government

B. Church and State begin to separate

C. Marsillius' writings at U. Paris 1275 - 1343

III. The Council of Constance 1415

A. End of papal schism

B. Hus tried and condemned

IV. The Renaissance

A. Humanism led to the study of ancient languages

B. Desire to return to sources

C. Return to Scripture apart from tradition

V. The printing press 1434

A. Gutenberg 1400 - 1468

B. Rapid distribution of Christian literature

VI. Rise of nation states 1450 - 1500

A. Regal power nationalized and consolidated

B. National consciousness

C. Patriotism in England, France, Spain, divided Germany

VII. Spiritual movements

A. Internal: Brethren of the Common Life

1. Semi-monastic Dutch laymen

a) Thomas at Kempis 1380 - 1471

b) Wessel Gransfort 1419 - 1489

2. Works not published until after Reform

a) Bible above pope and councils

b) Critic of indulgences

c) Little importance of church hierarchy

d) Salvation by faith alone

B. External: Persecuted groups

1. Patarians

2. Waldensians

3. Albigensians

4. Lollards

5. Hussites

Persecution of the Church

I. Patarians 1055 - 1075

A. Religious movement around Milan and Lombardy

B. Beginnings as an orthodox reform movement

C. Dispute over wealth of the clergy

D. Later association with Albigensians and Waldensians

II. Waldensians - lay movement late 12th

A. Peter Waldo - layman 1140 - 1206

B. Founder of the "Poor of Lyon" - vow to poverty 1170

C. Biblicism: the Bible is the sole rule of faith

D. Denial of the sacraments, Church hierarchy, and purgatory

E. Scripture memorized in vernacular

F. Clergy with unjustly ceased power; Laity with same rights as clergy

G. Rejection of the cult of saints and mass (transubstantiation)

H. Pacifism: non-resistance, no oaths

I. Condemnation at the Latran Council 1179

J. A new condemnation at the Verona Council 1184

K. Crusade against them led by Pope Innocent III - some joined the Hussites 1209

L. New Crusade led by Innocent VIII 1487

M. New Crusade against them by Louis XIV ending with the Patent of Turin. 1664

N. 20,000 Waldensians today in Italian Alps

III. Albigensians 12th-13th

A. Cathare heresy in S. France

B. Manichean doctrine: the spiritual is good / the physical is evil

C. No free will

D. Dualism: the believers / the "perfect"

E. Moral austerity contrasted with Catholic opulence

IV. Lollards- lay movement 14th - 15th

A. John Wyclif - lay scholar 1320 - 1384

B. Beginnings as a student movement at Oxford, England

C. Widespread influence in British Isles

D. Biblicism: Bible is the sole rule of faith

E. Biblical sacraments only

F. Doctrine of grace alone for salvation

G. Pope as Antichrist

H. No property for clergy

I. Celibacy for priests not necessary

J. Opposition to indulgences, religious pilgrimages. relics

K. Remains of Wyclif dug up and burned 1428

L. Scripture in English with glosses

V. Hussites Early 15th

A. John Hus 1371 - 1415

B. Priest at the University of Prague 1400

C. Dean at the University of Prague 1401

D. Rector at the University of Prague 1402

E. Influence of Wyclif to preach in vernacular

F. Liberty to preach sermons against the errors of the church

G. Demand for communion of bread and wine

H. Return to practices of the 1st-cent. Church

I. Excommunicated by Pope John XXIII 1410

J. A papal censure of Prague 1412

K. An order to come to Council of Constancy 1413

L. Execution by burning at the stake 1415

I. Martin Luther (1483-1546)

A. Chief pioneer of protestanism

B. German - born in Eisleben

C. Student - Masters at U. Erfurt 1505

D. Priest - Augustinian 1507

E. Theologian - Bachelors in theology 1509

F. Doctor - Doctor at U. of Wittenburg 1512

G. Professor - U. of Wittenburg 1512

H. Revelation - Romans 1:171514

I. Writer : 95 theses 1517, Translator of the Bible

J. Against monk John Tetzel

K. Against sale of indulgences

L. Three treatises 1520

M. Excommunicated at Worms 1521

N. Protection by German Prince, Frederick of Saxe

O. Rejection of the papal institution

P. Rejection of saving power of the sacraments

Q. Rejection of purgatory

R. Rejection of prayers to Mary

S. Rejection of mass (transubstantiation)

T. Communion with two elements (wine and bread)

U. "The real presence of Christ" in communion

V. Rejection of the monastic life and celibacy

W. Husband of a former nun, Catherine von Bora 1525

X. Founding of Lutheran Church by German princes 1526

II. Missionary expansion

A. N. and central Germany

B. N. Alsace (now part of France)

C. Denmark

D. Norway

E. Sweden (Andreae, Petri)

F. Finland (Agricola)

G. 70 million Lutherans today

III. Doctrine (found in The Book of Concord) 1577

A. The Bible is sole authority in matters of faith

B. Original sin of man

C. Man can only be liberated by faith and grace

D. Two sacraments only: baptism and communion

E. "Consubstantiation"

F. Different than Calvin and Zwingli

G. Return to 1st century Church

H. Critic of church hierarchy

I. Critic of monastic vows

J. Critic of indulgences

K. Collaboration between Church and State

IV. Controversies with Luther

A. Melanchthon 1527

1. Luther's denial of human freedom

2. Melanchthon's assertion of human cooperation

3. Good works emphasized 1535

a) not as price of salvation

b) as evidence of salvation

4. Luther's overemphasis in Holy Communion

5. not the physical presence of Christ

6. the spiritual presence of Christ

7. "not in the bread, but with the bread"

B. Andreas Osiander 1498 - 1552

1. Man not simply declared righteous by Christ

2. The sinner indwelled with righteousness

C. George Major 1502 - 1574

1. Good works evidence of salvation

D. Calvinists

1. Kaspar Olevianus 1536 - 1587

2. Zacharias Ursinus 1534 - 1583

V. Lutherans

A. Elector August of Saxony 1553 - 1586

B. Jakob Andreae 1528 - 1590

C. Martin Chemnitz 1522 - 1586

D. Nikolaus Selnecker 1530 - 1592

E. Johann Gerhard 1582 - 1637

I. Ulrich Zwingli 1484 - 1531

A. Northern Swiss reformer with a following in Zurich.

B. Student with humanistic training at Vienna.

C. Masters Degree from University of Basel 1506.

D. Priest at Eiensielden 1516.

E. Disturbance due to his lack of veneration of Mary 1517

F. Preacher at Zurich 1519

G. Critic of the pope, official Catholic dogma, corruption

H. Opponent of Luther concerning communion

I. Opponent of the Catholic Church and Catholic State

J. Opponent of celibacy of the priest 1522

K. Marriage to Anna Reinhart Meyer 1523

L. Advocate of a reformed Mass 1523

M. Writer of 67 theses ("Conclusions") 1523

N. Non-Catholic communion in Gross Munster 1525

O. Communion is a commemorative, symbolic act

P. No place for the fine arts in worship service

II. John Calvin 1509 - 1564

A. French reformer with following in Strasbourg

B. Swiss reformer with following in Geneva

C. Follower of Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples

D. Student of letters/philosophy: Paris

E. Student of law: Orleans & Bourges

F. Student of languages at Paris

G. Preacher for the Reform 1533

H. Refugee after the Placard Affair (Amboise) 1534

I. Expatriate in Basel, Switzerland

J. Writer of Institution of Christian Religion 1536

K. Teacher of theology in Strasbourg, France

L. Collaborator with Martin Bucer in Strasbourg

M. Director of Reformed Church of France

N. Husband of Idelette de Bure 1540

O. Translator of the Institution into French 1541

P. Collaborator of Farel: Geneva 1541

Q. Writer of Ecclesiastic Ordinances

R. Organizer of the Reformed Church of Geneva

S. Persecutor of religious and political opponents

1. Michel Servet - anti-trinitarian

T. One of the 1^st great French writers

U. Successor was Théodore de Bèze 1519 - 1604

III. Doctrine (in The Institution )

A. The Bible is unique source of faith

B. The Augustinian concept of predestination

C. The elect of God and Original sin

D. 1^st century simplicity of worship

E. Two sacraments only: baptism and communion

F. Communion is only a symbolic representation

G. Different than Luther and Zwingli

H. Collaboration of Church and State

IV. Work ethic

A. Hard work is praised

B. Loans are acceptable practices

V. Expansion

A. Switzerland (Swiss Reform) - Beginnings in Geneva

B. France (Huguenot) - N. W. , S. W. , Massif Central

C. Geneva: Calvinists against the Duke of Savoy

D. One congregation in Paris 1555

E. 72 congregations in France 1557

F. First General Synod 1559

G. Creed prepared by Antoine de la Roche Chandieu

H. 400,000 adherents 1560

I. Key families

A. The Guise family powerful, foreigners, catholic

1. Charles, cardinal of Lorraine 1542 - 1574

2. Francis, best soldier of France 1519 - 1563

B. The Bourbon family opposed to the Guise's

1. Antoine of Vendôme, titular King of Navarre

2. Louis, prince of Condé

C. The House of Châtillon opposed to the Guise's

1. Gaspard de Coligny

2. Poorly planned conspiracy of Amboise 1560

3. Attempt to kidnap the Guise heir to throne

4. Attempt to place the Bourbons on the throne

II. Key events

A. Death of King Francis II 1560

B. Succession of brother Charles IX 1560 - 1574

1. Catherine de Medici tolerant 1519 - 1589

2. Catholics not tolerant

C. Huguenot church attacked at Vassy 1562

D. Three savage wars with truces 1562 - 1570

1. Deaths of Francis, Antoine, Condé

2. Coligny left as head of Huguenots

E. Huguenot Treaty at St. Germain-en-Laye 1570

1. Nobles permitted freedom of worship

2. Two places of worship in each gov't division

3. Four cities placed under Huguenot control

F. Marriage of Protestant & Catholic nobles 1572

1. Henry of Navarre, son of late Antoine

2. Marguerite of Valois, Charles IX's sister

G. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572

1. Coligny dead - Catherine de Medici's intent

2. 8000 Protestants killed in Paris

3. Many more in all of France

H. Abdication of Protestantism by Henry Navarre

1. He did so to preserve his life.

2. Remained sympathetic to Protestants.

3. Many Protestants considered his act a betrayal.

I. Four more Huguenot wars 1573 - 1580

J. Death of Charles IX 1574

K. Succession of Henry III to throne 1574

1. Two groups of Catholics

a) Politiques - compromise with Huguenots

b) Ligue - Catholicism 1st, nationalism 2nd

L. Protestant reaffirmation by Henry Navarre 1576

M. 8th Huguenot war - War of the 3 Henry's 1585

1. Henry III - Royalists & Politiques

2. Henry of Guise - Ligue

3. Henry of Navarre - Huguenots

N. Assassination of Henry III by Ligue 1588

O. Ascension to the throne of Henry IV 1589

P. Henry IV's defeat of Ligue at Ivry 1590

Q. Henry IV's change to Catholicism 1593

R. Edict of Nantes - freedom of religion 1598

1. Period of Huguenot prosperity 1598 - 1610

S. Assassination of Henry IV by Ravaillac 1610

T. Persecution by Richelieu & Jesuits 1610 - 1750

1. Revocation Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV - 1685

2. Refugees to England, Holland, Prussia, America

U. Foundation of capitalism (Max Weber)

I. Conrad Grebel 1498 - 1526

A. Founder of Anabaptists

B. Collaborator with Felix Manz

C. Student at University of Basel 1514

D. Student at the University of Vienna 1515 - 1518

E. Student at the University of Paris 1518 - 1520

F. Joined Zwingli's group in Zurich 1520

G. Marriage to Barbara 1522

H. Conversion 1523

I. Disagreement with Zwingli (too conservative) 1523

J. Interest in Thomas Muntzer's ideas in Germany 1524

1. Proximity of millennium

2. Rejection of child baptism

K. Criticism of Lutheranism and Catholicism

1. Revolt of the poor

2. Letter to Muntzer 1524

3. No fine arts display in the worship service

4. Separation of the Church and State

5. Water baptism symbolic of preceding inner baptism

6. Pacifism: non-resistance

7. Non liturgical observance of communion

8. A faithful Church: quality more than quantity

9. Salvation of children before baptism

L. Debate between Zwingli and Grebel

1. Child or adult baptism

2. Separation or union of Church and State

M. First meeting of non-State Church at Manz's 21-1-1525

1. An adult, Priest George, was baptized

2. Life imprisonment of Anabaptist leaders 11-1525

N. Escape from prison 3-1526

O. Zwingli's order to behead Grebel's father 10-1526

P. Mantz ordered drowned (mockery of baptism) 1-1527

Q. Reform Catholic, Lutheran Calvinist

II. Missionary expansion

A. Activists with Thomas Muntzer in Saxe, Germany 1521

B. Pacifists with Conrad Grebel in Zurich, Switzerland

C. 1st Anabaptist Church in Zurich 1-21-1525

D. Rural areas of Switzerland

E. German-speaking Europe and Low Countries

III. Doctrine: Schlecheim meeting 2-1527, 7 articles)

A. Church membership

1. Community of adult believers

2. Believer's baptism only

3. No infant baptism as State required

4. Lord's supper

5. Separation from the world

6. Leadership I Tim. 3

B. Church-State relationship

1. Church separate from State

2. Church little to do with State

3. State - no authority over Church

4. Word of God - only authority over Church

5. Pacifism - no violence, no gov't protection

C. Characteristics

1. High standard of morality

2. Many pacifists

3. Many missionaries

4. Rural, lower middle class

IV. Key Anabaptists

A. Thomas Muntzer German 1489 - 1525

B. Conrad Grebel Swiss 1498 - 1526

C. Felix Manz Swiss

D. Blaurock Swiss

E. Hans Denck Swiss

F. Hans Hut Swiss

G. Balthasar Hubmaier Swiss

H. Jacob Hutter Austrian

I. Pilgram Marpeck S. German

J. Michael Sattler S. German

K. Melchior Hofmann Dutch

L. Jan Matthijs at Munster - a violent movement

M. Obbe & Dirks Philips- a pacifist movement

I. Menno Simms 1496 - 1561

A. Catholic priest 1524 - 1536

B. Convert to Protestantism 1536

C. Questions on transubstantiation 1526

D. Questions on adult baptism (rebaptism) 1531

E. Death of brother in anabaptist revolt 1535

F. Member of the Obbenites (Obbe Phillips' group)

G. Husband and father of many children 1536

H. Elder in a moderate Anabaptist group 1536

I. Writer of more than 20 works for N. Europe

J. Founder of the Mennonites

II. Jacob Amman

A. Elder : Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines 1693

B. Strict discipline of life

C. Rigorous excommunication practice

D. Split with main branch over shunning

E. Alsace churches

F. Palatinat churches

G. Founder of the Amish

H. Expansion in the United States

I. Johann Cornies 1789 - 1848

III. Doctrine

A. The divinity of Jesus Christ

B. Salvation by grace through faith

C. The Bible is the only authority in faith and ethics

D. Rejection of Church tradition

E. A Church of believers only

F. Separation of Church and State

G. A non-hierarchical form of Church

H. Rejection of infant baptism

I. Rejection of Church authority

J. No teaching on Christ's 1000 year reign (millennium)

K. Pacifism - antimilitary stand

L. Conservatives - particular clothing and habits

M. Christianity centered on the trinity, not Christ

IV. Missionary expansion (600,000) 1536-1976

A. Holland (120,000 members in 17th century) 1536

B. Germany: Alsace, Lorraine, Palatinat 1536

C. Switzerland 1536

D. Disappeared in Zurich

E. Developed in Bern, Neufchatel, Jura

F. Dantzig, Prussia (Poland today) 1540 - 1550

G. Russia (10,000 immigrants) (55,000 today) 1788 - 1880

H. Ukraine

I. Samara

J. N. America - 308,000 Mennonites

1. 70% USA, 30% Canada

2. first wave to N. Y. , Delaware 1640 - 1660

3. First settlement - Germantown, Pa. 1660 - 1690

4. Ohio, Ontario, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas . . .

5. 18,000 immigrants 1870

6. 21,000 immigrants 1922 - 1930

7. 7,000 immigrants 1946 - 1976

K. S. America - 45,000 Mennonites

1. 4,000 immigrants 1922 - 1930

2. 5,000 immigrants 1946 - 1976

L. Europe - 42,000 Mennonites 1976

M. Asia - 72,500 Mennonites 1976

N. Africa - 83,000 Mennonites in 1976

V. Conferences

A. Mennonite Church (conservative)- 105,000 members

B. General Conference (progressive)- 56,000 members

C. Mennonite Brethren (evangelistic) - 35,000 members

D. Old Order Amish - 25,000 members

E. Brothers in Christ - 12,500 members

VI. Missions

1. Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) - social arm

2. African Inner Mennonite Mission (AIMM)

3. Mennonite Brethren (CEFMZ) - church planting arm

I. Motives for internal reform

A. Protestantism on the increase

B. Strongest influence in Germany 1566

C. Strongest influence in France 1610

D. Preservation of Catholicism

E. Council of Latran V 1512 - 1517

F. Council of Trent 1545 - 1563

1. Real presence of Christ in Eucharist

2. Worship of the Virgin, Saints, images

3. The seven sacraments reaffirmed

a) Baptism (Infant)

b) Confirmation (Catechism)

c) Eucharist (Communion)

d) Penitence (Confession)

e) Marriage

f) Order

g) Extreme unction (Last rites)

4. Celibacy of priests reaffirmed

5. Moral supervision of the clergy

6. Prevention of clandestine marriages

7. Residency of bishops in dioceses

8. Editing Breviary, Missal, Catechism

9. Foundation of seminaries & colleges

10. Justification defined & work-merit

11. Church alone right of Bible interpretation

12. Scripture & tradition equal in truth

13. Catholic canon of Scripture

14. Vulgate as official Bible

15. Anti-Protestant spirit

16. Scholastic (medieval) theology

G. Thirty Years War 1618 - 1648

H. A political as well as religious war

1. Catholic: King and his supporters:

2. Dukes of Bavaria, Spanish troops, Walloons

3. Protestant: those against the king:

4. N. German princes, Sweden & Denmark

I. Edict of Restitution 1629

1. Catholic properties from 1552 restored

2. No Protestants allowed but Lutherans

3. France troubled by Habsburg Dynasty

4. Fr. intervention against Sp. intervention

5. Aid to the Protestant enemies

J. Swedish intervention for control of Baltic Sea

1. Gustavus' defeat of Tilly and Maximilian

2. Revocation of the Edict of Restitution

K. Stalemate: fragmentation of country

1. N. Germany uncontrolled by Catholics

2. S. Germany uncontrolled by Protestants

L. Peace of Westphalia 1648

1. Property restoration from 1624 as norm

2. Calvinists right of worship with Lutherans

3. No Protestant rights in Austria / Bohemia

M. Ascension of the Brandeburg Dynasty

II. Revival of zeal

A. Self-renouncing quietism

1. Mystical piety

2. Ascetic practices

a) Deep devotion to Catholic Church

b) Hope of regaining lost territories

c) Missionary endeavors

B. Orders : Dominicans Franciscans Jesuits

C. Missionaries

1. Francis Xavier-India, Japan 1506 - 1552

2. Matteo Ricci - China 1552 - 1610

3. Roberto de Nobili - India 1575 - 1656

D. Key counter reformers

1. 218th Pope Paul III 1468 - 1549

2. 219th Pope Julius III 1487 - 1555

3. 221st Pope Paul IV 1476 - 1559

4. 222nd Pope Pius IV 1499 - 1565

5. 223rd Pope Pius V 1504 - 1572

6. 224th Pope Gregory XIII 1502 - 1585

7. 225th Pope Sixtus V 1520 - 1590

8. Ignacius of Loyola 1491 - 1556

9. Charles Borromée 1538 - 1584

10. Philip Néri 1515 - 1595

11. Robert Bellarmin 1542 - 1621

12. Peter Canisius 1521 - 1597

13. Melchior Cano - Défense 1525 - 1560

III. Counter reform institutions

A. The Inquisition 1542

1. Judicial organization against heresy

2. Index - publications censure 1559 ,1564

3. Non-authorized versions of Scripture

4. Heretical books about religion

B. Orders

1. Theatines

2. Somascians

3. Barnabites

4. Ursalines

5. Jesuits

6. Oratorians

C. Territories

1. Prevention of Reform in Italy and Spain

2. Destruction of the Reform in France

3. Regaining of position in Austria, Holland, Germany

IV. Socianists (cult)

A. Founder Lelio Sozzini 1525 - 1562

B. Departure from Christian orthodoxy

C. Denial of the trinity or divinity of Christ

D. Satisfaction not demanded by God

E. Injustice: sins of guilty put on innocent

F. Accent on forgiveness , not His satisfaction

G. Denial-God's nature demands punishment

H. Denial-penalty of one justly met by another

I. Rejection of the authority of the Church

J. Against human inability & total depravity

K. Supporters in Holland and England

I. Spanish persecution in Holland

A. Philip II of Spain ruled in Netherlands.

1. Anabaptists replaced Lutherans

2. 10,000 Protestants in Holland.

B. William of Orange flees. 1533-1584

1. Count of Egmont is executed. 1667

2. Count of Horn is executed. 1669

C. Taxes are forced on the people.

D. William of Orange organizes rebellion.

1. Named leader of the Netherlands: Zealande, Friesland, Utdrecht.

2. Fr. help Protestants against Spain.

3. It ends with Huguenot troubles.

4. Spain cannot defeat N. provinces.

5. Resistance in South continues.

6. Queen Elizabeth helps insurgents.

7. William of Orange returns to Brussels.

8. Religious tolerance is proclaimed by Huguenot and Reformed refugees.

E. Catholic South vs. Protestant North.

1. The Ligue of Arras is Catholic.

2. The Union of Utrecht is Protestant.

3. William of Orange killed. 1584

F. The Netherlands is divided into Holland and Belgium. 1591

1. South: 10 Belgian provinces Spanish.

2. North: 7 Dutch provinces independent.

G. Calvinism is the doctrinal base of the Dutch Church.

II. The Gomarist Cult grows.

A. Predestination precedes Adam.

B. The emphasis is on the elect.

C. The elect receive grace.

D. The non-elect do not receive grace.

III. Jacobus Arminius 1560-1609

A. He studied at U of Leydan 1576-1582

B. He was a pastor at Amsterdam. 1588

C. became prof-theology at Leydan. 1603

D. He was involved in controversy with Franz Gomarus. 1563-71

E. Arminius did not believe man was predestined to fall.

1. Omniscient God knew he would fall.

2. God allowed it, but granted grace.

3. Predestination is conditional.

4. Man if free to accept or reject God.

F. Arminius became leader of the province of Holland.

1. Opposed Maurice, Calvinist

2. Victim of a coup d'état by Maurice.

3. Arminius beheaded in 1619

G. Johan Wtenbogaert, disciple. 1557-1644

H. Johan van Oldenbarneveldt was a disciple. 1547 - 1619

I. Hugo Grotius was a disciple. 1583 - 1645

1. He was a Jurist and historian

2. The founder of international law

3. Christ's death-clever response. 1617

a) Not a payment for man's sin

b) Tribute to sanctity of God's gov't.

c) Not an injustice

d) Divine tribute to offended law

4. Imprisonment after coup d'etat 1619

5. Escape from prison 1621

6. Peter Baro, disciple. 1534 - 1599

IV. Doctrine

A. Agreed with Pelagius on many points.

1. The creation was excellent.

2. Man if born with free will.

3. Original sin is not emphasized.

B. Arminians reacted Against Calvinism

1. Calvinists denounced them as cult.

2. Arminians against Calvinist rigors.

3. Religious credos de-emphasized.

4. Opposition to predestination

a) Predestination is based on divine foreknowledge

b) Dependence on the use men made of the grace

c) Death of Christ not for elect only

d) Death of Christ for all

e) Opposition to doctrine of irresistible grace

f) Adherence to belief that grace can be refused

g) Adherence to belief that men may lose salvation

C. Arminians agreed with Calvinists on some points.

1. Man is totally depraved & perverted.

2. They disagreed with the Pelagians on this point.

V. Persecution

A. Synod of Dort - Arminianism condemned 1618

B. Exile of Remonstrants

C. Calvinism - doctrinal base of Dutch Reform Church

D. Persecution ended upon the death of Maurice

I. Henry VIII 1491 - 1547

A. King of England 1509 - 1547

1. "Tyrant under legal forms"

2. Well-read

3. Interested in scholastic theology

4. Sympathetic with humanism

5. Popular with the masses

6. Egotistical, obstinate, self-seeking

B. Support of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 1475 - 1530

C. Writer of Assertion of Seven Sacraments

1. Against Luther, for Catholics

2. Reputation earned as "Defender of the faith"

D. First marriage to Catherine of Aragon 1503

1. Wife of dead brother

2. Marriage to brother in name only

3. Six children, five died in infancy

4. One daughter, Mary 1st Tudor, Bloody Mary

5. King divorced from his 1st wife

6. Desire to have another wife and male heir

7. In love with Anne Boleyn, lady of the court

E. Pope Clement VII submitted to Charles V

1. Emperor nephew of Catherine of Aragon

2. Opposition of pope and emperor to divorce

3. Approval of Cardinal Wolsey

4. Exploitation of national feelings against Pope

5. Accusation that clergy following Wolsey

6. Breach of a statute of the State

7. Extorsion of a penalty fee on King's demand

8. Declaration that king "supreme head of Church"

F. Secret 2nd marriage to Anne Boleyn 1533

1. Friend Thomas Cranmer made archbishop 1533

2. Birth of 2nd child, Queen Elizabeth 1533

3. Death of Catherine of Aragon 1536

4. Execution of wife, Anne Boleyn 1536

5. Accused of adultery, questionable

6. Declaration that marriage invalid 1536

G. Breach with Rome over papal authority 1534

1. Suppression of monasteries 1534

2. Carried out by Thomas Cromwell

H. Third marriage to Jane Seymour 1536

1. Birth of 3rd child, Edward VI 1537

2. Death of 3rd wife giving birth 1537

I. Fourth marriage to Anne of Cleves 1540

1. Meant to please German Protestants

2. No longer political expedient later

3. Annulment of 4th marriage after 6 months 1540

J. Catholic 5th marriage, Catherine Howard 1540

1. Beheading of 5th wife for adultery 1542

K. Marriage to 6th wife, Catherine Parr 1543

L. Death of King Henry VIII 1547

II. Other well-known Anglicans

A. John Whitgift 1530 - 1604

B. Richard Bancroft 1544 - 1610

C. Thomas Bison 1547 - 1616

D. Perpetual Government of Christ's Church 1593

E. Richard Hooker 1553 - 1600

F. Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity 1594 , 1597

G. George Abbot 1611 - 1633

III. Martyrs (in two waves of Anglican persecution)

A. John Frith 1503 - 1533

B. Carthusian monks 1535

C. Bishop John Fisher 1535

D. Sir Thomas Moore 1535

E. William Tyndale (Bible translator) 1492 - 1536

F. John Rodgers 1555

G. Bishop Nicholas Ridley 1500 - 1555

H. Bishop Hugh Latimer 1490 - 1555

I. Bishop John Hooper 1555

J. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer 1489 - 1556

I. Doctrine

A. Catholic orthodoxy

1. Substitution of king for pope

2. Concessions to Protestants

3. King Henry VIII's ten articles

B. Standards of faith

1. The Bible

2. The Nicene Creed

3. The Athanasian Creed

4. First four councils

C. Three sacraments

1. Baptism

2. Penance

3. Lord's supper

D. Faith in Christ alone for justification

E. Other necessities for justification

1. Confession

2. Absolution

3. Works of charity

F. Christ physically in Lord's supper

G. Images honored, with moderation

H. Saints rightfully invoked, but not before Christ

I. Masses for the dead desirable

J. Bishop of Rome unable to deliver out of purgatory

K. Henry VIII's Six Articles Act

1. Doctrine of transubstantiation

2. Repudiation of communion of bread and wine

3. Repudiation of priestly marriage

4. Support of private masses

5. Support of auricular confession

L. After king's death, repudiation of Six Articles Act

1. Sequestering of religious guilds' properties

2. Images ordered removed from the churches 1548

3. Marriages of priests legalized 1549

M. Book of Common Law in English required 1549

N. Many things were unchanged.

1. Transubstantiation kept

2. Prayers for the dead

3. Communion at burials

4. Exorcism at baptisms

5. Anointing the sick

O. Many things were revised and modified.

1. Revision of book of prayer 1552

2. Repudiation of transubstantiation.

3. Zwinglian view of the Lord's Supper

4. Communion table replaced communion altar

5. Ordained bread in place of wafer

6. Priest vestments restricted

7. Forty-two articles to replace book of prayer 1553

8. 39 articles to replace 42 articles 1563

II. Political Context

A. Kings controlled ecclesiastical appointments

1. Chief political posts filled by churchmen

2. Ability valued more than spirituality

3. Humanism popular among the educated

4. Strong national consciousness

5. England for Englishmen

6. Opposition to foreign encroachment

7. Founding of Anglicans by Henry VIII

B. Three parties formed

1. Majority in agreement with late king

2. Catholic wing to restore papacy

3. Protestant wing introducing reform

C. At king's death, Edward VI 9 years old

D. Regency under Duke of Somerset 1547

1. Jane Seymour's brother

2. Sympathetic with Protestants

3. At odds with landowners

4. Protectorate under Warwick, Duke of Northumberland

5. Supporter of Protestants for political ends

6. Execution of Duke of Somerset 1552

E. Revision of the prayer book 1552

F. Death of young king Edward VI 1553

1. Failure of his leadership

G. Mary, a Catholic, established on throne 1553

1. Marriage to Philip II of Spain 1554

2. Restoration of papal authority 1554

3. Severe persecution - 300 burned 1555

4. Death 1558

H. Elizabeth, Protestant, established on throne 1558

1. Endorsement by Philip II of Spain

2. Chief advisor was Lord Burghley 1521 - 1598

3. Repudiation of papal authority 1559

4. Reconciliatory tone towards Catholics

5. Anglicanism more political & social than religious

I. Religious context

1. Wyclifianism persecuted

2. Indigenous Protestantism under Wyclif's lead

3. Circulation of the Bible as authority

4. Opposition to Catholic excesses

5. Agreement with king's accusations against Catholics

6. Growth of Protestantism under spiritual confusion

7. English translation of Bible allowed 1537

8. English Bible accessible to all in church 1538

9. Translation of Latin litany in the mass 1538

10. Lord's prayer and 10 Commandments taught in English

I. Puritans

A. Desire to purify the Church of England

1. Opposition to vestments

2. Opposition to kneeling at communion

3. Desire for educated pastor to expound Scriptures

4. Founding of Harvard Training School

5. Founding of Yale as training school

6. Election of pastor by their people

7. Appointment of elders for discipline

8. Abolition of archbishops, archdeacons

9. Reduction of clergy to essential parity

10. Against separation from Anglicans.

B. Political situation in England

1. Persecution by the Anglican Church

2. Gov't threatened by democratic Church structure

3. King disposed of Parliament (Puritan)

C. Revolution

1. Cromwell came to power 1645 - 1658

2. Religious tolerance followed

3. Monarchy restored with Catholic James II

4. Overthrow by daughter, Mary, and William of Orange

5. Act of Toleration 1689

D. Puritan Doctrine

1. Priesthood of all believers

2. More lay participation in Church gov't.

3. Opposition to transubstantiation

E. Key Puritans

1. Laurence Humphrey 1527 - 1590

2. Thomas Sampson 1517 - 1589

3. Thomas Cartwright 1535 - 1603

a) An Admonition to Parliament

4. Walter Travers 1548 - 1635

a) A Full and Plain Declaration of Ecclesiastical Discipline

5. Edmund Grindal 1519 - 1583

6. Job Throckmorton 1545 - 1601

F. Congregationalists

1. Offshoots of the Puritans

2. Desire to remain in Church of England

3. Non-separatist position

4. A nation-wide system of established churches

G. Key Congregationalists

1. Henry Jacob 1563 - 1624

2. William Ames 1576 - 1633

3. William Bradshaw 1571 - 1618

4. William Brewster (Mayflower)

5. William Bradford (Mayflower) 1590 - 1657

6. John Robinson 1575 - 1625

H. Separatists (Separation from state church)

1. Inability to follow Word and the Church of England

2. Opposition to Puritans staying in Anglican Church

I. Key Separatists

1. Richard Fitz

2. Robert Browne 1550 - 1633

3. Henry Barrow 1550 - 1593

4. John Greenwood - 1593

5. Francis Johnson 1562 - 1618

6. Henry Ainsworth 1571 - 1623

7. John Smythe - 1612

8. William Bradford (became congregational. ) 1590 - 1657

9. John Robinson (became congregational. ) 1575 - 1625

J. Separatist expansion

1. England

2. America 1620

a) 1st immigrants

b) Concern for Indians

c) Desire for native clergy

d) Desire for religious freedom

K. Anabaptists

1. 50,000 came to England in 16th s.

2. They were considered a cult.

a) “The Family of Love” 1540

3. This opinion that they were a threat persisted because of violent past.

a) War of Poor - Thomas Müntzer

b) Münster Revolt - Melchior Hofman

4. They were driven out as Separatists.

L. Baptists

1. Offshoots of Puritans & Separatists

2. Influenced by Luther, Zwingli, Calvin

3. Against totalitarism and Pope

4. No State / Church hierarchy

5. Adult baptism like Anabaptists

6. Against Lutherans and Calvinists on child baptism, Church & State, real presence of Christ in communion

7. Against Anabaptists on aspersion, pacifism, separating from State, refusal to take oaths

M. Baptist doctrine

1. Church admission after adult baptism

2. Baptism by immersion 1641

N. Key British Baptists

1. John Smythe - 1612

2. Thomas Helwys 1550 - 1616

3. John Murton - 1625

O. Two groups

1. General Baptists (Arminian) 1611

2. Particular Baptists (Calvinistic) 1630

I. Political context

A. Alliance with France disliked

B. Alliance with England disliked

C. National consciousness was strong

D. Protestantism linked to Scottish independence

E. Marriage of Mary to the French throne 1558

F. Mary "Queen of Scots" against Elizabeth I

G. Death of Henry II of France 1559

H. Mary's husband, Francis II, king 1559

I. French opposition to Scottish Protestants

J. Arrival of English army against French 1560

K. Treaty signed guaranteeing French departure

L. Scottish middle classes powerful

M. Creed of the realm composed by Knox & adopted

N. Abolition of papal jurisdiction & mass

O. Death of King Francis II of France 1560

P. Return of Mary to Scotland as a widow 1560

Q. Increase of Catholic influence in Scotland

R. Marriage of Mary to cousin Lord Darnley

S. In love with Protestant noble, James Hepburn

T. Conspiration to kill Mary's husband 1567

U. Marriage to Earl James Hepburn 1567

V. Catholic and Protestant hostility for action

W. Forced abdication and imprisonment 1567

X. Fall of Mary, triumph of Protestanism

Y. Escape and execution in England 1587

II. Presbyterian doctrine

A. It come from Swiss reform church

B. it is therefore Calvinist

C. collaboration of church and state

D. child baptism according to old testament idea of circumcision

E. man is totally depraved

F. man is elected to salvation or condemnation

G. regenerate man cannot lose salvation.

III. Key Presbyerians

A. John Knox 1505 - 1572

1. Ordained to the priesthood

2. Arrested when found with Wishart, a Protestant

3. Galley slave in France for 19 months

4. Joined the reform 1546

5. Royal chaplain under Duke of Somerset

6. In exile under persecution of Mary Tudor 1554

7. France - not respected by English refugees

8. Switzerland - with Calvin

9. English translation of Geneva Bible

10. Return of Knox to Scotland 1559

11. Composition of the creed of the realm 1560

12. Presentation of First Book of Discipline 1560

13. Submitted to Parliament

14. Developed Presbyterian system

15. General assembly, synods, presbyteries

16. Readers, superintendents

17. National education & relief of the poor

18. Exploitation of the believers by the nobles

19. Poor beginnings due to royal encroachment

20. Democratic character developed from poverty

21. Composition of Book of Common Order 1564

22. No observances without Scriptural authority

23. Sermon at James VI's coronation 1567

24. Death of Knox 1572

B. Andrew Melville 1545 - 1623

1. Bèze's colleague in Geneva 1568 - 1574

2. Return to Scotland 1574

3. Reformer of U. of Glasgow & St. Andrews

4. Perfector of the Presbyterian system

5. Defender of the system against James VI

6. In exile from Scotland 1607 - 1623

7. Death in exile 1623

I. Pietist Doctrine

A. Faith = belief + trust

B. Growing view of mission

C. Mobilization of laypeople

D. Focus on personal ethical Lifestyle reflects Gospel

E. Opposition to drinking and immorality

II. Four Pietist Principles

A. Personal conversion

B. Intimate Fellowship

C. A life of holiness

D. The Responsibility to witness

III. Characteristics of Pietism

A. A church within a church (Lutheran)

B. Anabaptist tendencies without leaving Luther

IV. Key pietists

A. Spener 1631 - 1705

1. Pastor in Frankfurt, Germany 1666

2. Church not growing, not alive

3. Organizer of small Bible study groups

4. Supporter of Home Bible cells

B. Francke (at Halle)

1. Pastor born again preparing sermon 1687

2. Successor to Spener

3. U. of Halle - center of pietism

4. Influence of center on thousands of Lutherans

5. Composer of great German hymns

6. Institute of low-priced scriptures for all

7. Request of king for missionaries to India

8. Collaborators with Danish chaplains in India

9. Founding of Danish Halle Mission 1706

10. First Protestant missiology

11. Importance of cultural education

12. Word in vernacular

13. Preaching based on cultural view

14. Aim - personal conversion of natives

15. Desire for native clergy

16. Establishment of missions school at Halle

17. Collaboration with Anglicans and Puritans

V. Key Moravians

A. Nicholas Ludwig Zinzendorf 1700 - 1760

1. Grandson of a Pietist grandmother

2. Student at Halle and Wittenberg

3. Preoccupation with Christ's death

4. Hymn writer

5. Court official 1721

6. Owner of the Berthelsdorf estate near Dresden 1721

7. Spiritual leader of Herrnhut Community 1727

8. An exile to the U. S. (Bethlehem, Pa.) 1736

9. An extremely tolerant man

10. Admirer of zeal, distrustful of rigor

B. August Gottlieb Spangenberg 1704 - 1792

1. Missionary to Georgia

2. Bishop of the American work 1744

3. Leader of movement after Zinzendorf's death 1762

4. Director of Herrnhut until his death 1792

C. David Zeisberger 1721 - 1808

1. Most famous Indian missionary

2. Worker among the Creeks in Georgia 1740

3. Worker among the Iroquois 1743

VI. Moravian Missions structure

A. A village structure

B. Body of soldiers to advance cause at home and abroad

C. A sort of monastic movement without celibacy

D. The sending of first missionaries to West Indies

1. Leonhard Dober

2. David Nitschmann 1696 - 1772 e.

3. The sending of others to Greenland and U. S.

4. Missionaries to 28 countries in 25 years

5. A boldness to go to hard places - Surinam, Guyana, Egypt

6. A weakness: stress on conversion, not church planting

I. context in England 18th

A. Spiritual lethargy

1. Little zeal in Anglican and Puritan churches

2. Poor not recognized in Anglican churches

3. Converts not welcomed

4. Appalling social conditions: poverty, injustice, crime

B. Signs of renewal

1. Awakening in Scotland

2. Formation of Bible societies

3. "Serious call" of William Law

4. Hymns of Isaac Watts

II. John Wesley 1703 - 1791

A. Devout family: father had led religion society

B. Anglican priest at Oxford

C. Leader of Holy Club with Charles at Oxford

D. Friend of John Whitfield who joined club

E. Traveler to America 1735

F. Storm at sea, Moravian passengers calm

G. Meeting with Spangenberg in Georgia

H. Conversion of brother, Charles Wesley 5-21-1738

I. Conversion three days later at Aldersgate 5-24-1738

That evening I reluctantly went to a society on Aldersgate Street where they read the preface to Luther’s Epistle to the Romans. Around 8:45, while he was describing the way God changes the heart by faith in Jesus Christ, I felt my heart strangely warm. I felt that I trusted in Christ, Christ only, for my salvation, and I received the assurance that he removed my sins , even mine, and saved me from sin and death. So, I testify openly to everyone what the first feelings of my heart were at that moment.

J. Visit to see Zinzendorf at Herrnhut

K. Admired Moravian zeal, not mystic

L. Preacher in Many British Churches

M. Resistance to Charles' enthusiasm

N. Collaborator with Whitfield in preaching to miners

O. Whitfield's 1^st message in Bristol 1739

P. Wesley joined him for the next 50 years

III. Methodist Organization

A. Awakener more than preacher-evangelist

B. Group leadership strategy

C. Methodist societies

D. First society in Bristol 1739

E. Split with Moravians in London 1740

F. The creation of lay officers 1742

G. The first annual conference in London 1744

H. The field divided into "circuits" 1746

I. A circuit superintendent 1746

J. Dissident who broke with Anglican Church 1784

K. No intention of break with Church of England

IV. Methodist Doctrine

A. Influenced by Luther and Moravians

1. Human freedom versus Calvinist pre-destination

2. Sudden sanctification

3. Sufficiency of inner conviction of salvation

B. Two disputes

1. Perfection - freedom from sin, right motives

2. Arminianism - Reaction against Calvinism

C. Break - Whitfield, Lady Huntingdon 1748

1. They were Calvinistic Methodists

2. He confirmed Arminian character

V. Church Growth principles

A. Quality and quantity growth

B. Time management and goal setting

C. Refusal to preach with no organization

D. Priority to receptive classes (workers)

E. Confrontation of resistant people (mobs)

F. No coercive invitation, no manipulation

G. Clarity of explanation

H. Inward look goes outward

I. Qualities: Earnest, Practical, Fearless, Active, and outreaching

VI. Key Methodists

A. John Whitfield

B. Jonathan Edwards

C. A. P. Freylinghausen

D. B. G. Tennant

I. John Elliot 1605 - 1690

A. Founder of the SPG: Society for the Propagation of the Gospel

B. King Philip's War - persecution of the Indians

II. Thomas Mayhew

A. Ministry begins 1630

B. Four generations of Mayhews in ministry to the Indians

1. Solomon Stoddard

2. Cotton Mather

3. Jonathan Edwards, Grandson of Solomon Stoddard

III. Jonathan Edwards

A. Preacher and scholar

B. Exiled pastor

C. Publisher of Brainerd's journals 1750

D. Intended father-in-law of Brainerd

IV. David Brainerd 1718 - 1747

A. An early death due to T. B. at age of 29

B. Writer of very popular missionary journals 1750

V. Eleazer Wheelock

A. Founder of Moor's Training School 1754

B. Training center for fifty evangelists and teachers

C. Relocation and change to Dartmouth College

VI. David Zeisberger- 1808

A. Ministry in the Hudson River Valley 1744

B. Moravian missionary

VII. Isaac McCoy

A. Ministry in Fort Wayne, In. 1820

B. Baptist Indian Mission

C. Advocate of Indian removal

VIII. Marcus & Narcissa Whitman 1847

A. Marriage & Ministry to Oregon 1836

B. American Board of Commissioner for Foreign Missions

C. Congregationalists

D. Materialist mission station at Waiilatpu

E. Massacre by Indian friends' treachery

IX. Henry & Eliza Spaulding - 1874

A. Ministry to Oregon 1836

B. Establishment of a church among the Nez Perce

X. Reasons for mission’s failure

A. Intense fighting between the two cultures for territorial rights

B. Feeling of superiority of the whites over the Indians

XI. evaluation by ruth tucker

“A history with a lot of emotions, zeal, and commitment, but in the end, a history of great failure.”

I. William Carey 1761 - 1834

A. English shoemaker, schoolteacher, Baptist minister

B. Writer of a very influential work:

C. An Enquiry Into the Obligation of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens

D. "Expect great things from God; attempt great things for God. "

E. Pioneer of Protestant world missions, a catalyst

F. Baptist Society for Propagating the Gospel

G. Father of modern missions

H. Tentmaking missionary to India (as a linguist) 1793

I. Linguist and Bible translator (40 Oriental languages )

J. Interdenominational tract and Bible society

1. Netherlands

2. Basel, Switzerland

3. Berlin, Germany

K. Evangelism with a focus on the indigenous Church

II. Henry Martyn 1781 - 1812

A. One of greatest Bible translators of Central Asia

B. Hero in David Brainerd

C. Ordination as an Anglican priest 1805

D. Chaplain to the East India Company 1806

E. N. T. translation into Hindustani, Persian, & Arabic

F. Death in Asia Minor 1812

G. "Now, let me burn out for God. "

III. Adoniram Judson 1788 - 1850

A. Son of a Congregationalist ministry

B. Student at Andover Seminary 1808

C. Pledge to missions at "Haystack Prayer Meeting"

D. Marriage to Britisher, Nancy Hasseltine 1812

E. Switch from Congregationalist to Baptist 1812

F. Ministry in India 1812

G. America's first foreign missionaries

H. East India Company - barrier to missionary work

I. Move to Rangoon, Burma 1814

J. Replacement of Felix Carey

K. Ten member church 1820

L. War between England and India 1824

M. 11 / 2 years imprisonment 1824

N. Marriage to Sarah Boardman, eight children 1834

O. Completion of Burmese translation of Bible 1840

P. Marriage to Emily Chubbock, one daughter 1846

Q. Death at sea 1850

IV. Luther Rice

A. Ministry in India with Congregationalists

B. Switch with Judson to Baptists 1812

V. George & Sarah Boardman

A. Missionaries to Burma

B. Ministry to the Karens, a mountain tribe

C. Death of George 1831

D. Marriage to Adoniram Judson 1834

VI. Alexander Duff

A. One of the most innovative missionaries in India

B. Arrival in Calcutta, India 1830

C. First foreign missionary from Scotland

D. Target group - upper classes

E. Method - teaching of Western arts, sciences, Bible

F. Established a school - 33 converts in his lifetime

G. Converts among influential elite

I. Robert, Mary Moffat 1795 -1875

A. The patriarch of South African missions

B. Evangelist, translator, educator, diplomat, explorer.

C. Scottish Presbyterian

D. Member of British Methodist society 1814

E. Missionary of London Missionary Society 1816

F. Marriage 1819

G. A model station at Kuruman

H. Target group - the Bechuanas

I. First baptisms 1829

J. Stone church still standing 1838

K. Philosophy of "Bible and plough"

L. Retirement after 53 years in Africa 1862

II. David Livingstone 1812 - 1873

A. Birth in Scotland 1812

B. Believing parents who left the Anglican Church

C. Student at Anderson's College in Glasgow 1836

D. Appointed with London Missionary Society

E. Departure for Africa influenced by Moffat

1. Mabosta - first African home 1844

2. Marriage to Mary Moffat 1845

3. Chonwane - second African home 1846

4. Klobeng River - third African home 1847

5. Semi-nomadic life for seven years

6. Departure of Mary and five children to England

F. First and greatest expedition

1. Zambezi River - a possible trade route

2. Declaration that river navigable

3. Victoria Falls

4. Arrival on the coast 1856

5. Philosophy - "Commerce and Christianity"

G. Furlough 1856

1. Missionary Travels and Researches in S. Africa

2. Immense popularity 1857

3. Separation with London Missionary Society

4. Inspiration - Universities Mission to C. Africa

H. 2nd Expedition by British government

1. Discovery that Zambezi River not navigable

2. Exploration of Shire River and Lake Nyasa

3. Mary dead in party to join husband 1861

I. Furlough 1864

1. Less popularity

2. Autocratic rule and difficult personality

J. Third Expedition 1865

1. Goal to find the source of the Nile

2. No contact with Europeans for 7 years

3. N. Y. Herald's sent Stanley to find him

4. Meeting at Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika 1871

5. "Dr. Livingstone, I presume. "

6. Departure of Stanley 1872

7. Death while kneeling at prayer 1873

III. Henry M. Stanley 1841 -

A. Illegitimate birth in England 1841

B. Run away to New Orleans as teenager

C. Adoption by wealthy U.S. merchant

D. Confederate changed to Union soldier

E. Free-lance journalist - Asia Minor

F. Reporter for New York Herald

G. Writer of a bestseller, How I Found Livingstone

H. Missionary, Bible translator, writer

I. Explorer on 999-day expedition

J. Monbasa to mouth of Congo River

K. Start with 3 Europeans + 356 Africans

L. Finish with 82 Africans

M. Inspiration behind Livingstone Inland Mission

IV. George Grenfell - 1906

A. Birth in Cornwall, England 1849

B. Anglican switched to Baptist

C. Inspiration from Livingstone

D. British Missionary Society to Cameroons 1874

E. Marriage to Miss Hawkes 1876

F. Death of wife 1877

G. Remarriage to West Indian widow 1879

H. Reappointment to work in Congo River

I. Travel by steamer, Peace

J. Establishment: network mission stations

K. Opposition: cannibals & King Leopold

L. Mission station at Bolobo

M. Penetration of Africa from the West

V. Alexander Mackay 1850 - 1890

A. Scot Leader of a team of 8 missionaries

B. Church Missionary Society (Anglican)

C. Arrival in Uganda 1876

D. 230 mi. road: coast to Lake Victoria

E. Boat to Entebbe: meets King Mtesa 1878

F. Opposition from Catholics and Muslims

G. Bible translation 1879

H. Local church with 82 members 1882

I. Death of Mtesa 1884

J. Christian persecution: son, Mwanga 1885

K. Expulsion by Mwanga (Arabs) 1887

L. Death by malaria at age of 40 1890

VI. Mary Slessor 1848 - 1915

A. Birth into poor family in Scotland 1848

B. Presbyterian - Queen St. Mission

C. Joining of Calabar Mission 1875

D. Arrival in Calabar, Nigeria 1876

E. 25 yrs work where no white had been

F. First vice-consul to Okoyong 1892

G. Family of adopted children

H. Death in a mud hut (as Africans) 1915

I. Robert Morrison 1782 - 1834

A. First Protestant missionary to China

B. Fewer than 12 converts in 25 years

C. Birth in England 1782

D. Ministerial training in London 1802

E. Sent by London Missionary Society 1804

F. Visited America en route to China 1805

G. Missionary to Canton, China 1807

H. Secret translator of Bible; author of a dictionary

I. Employee of the East India Company

J. translation of Bible made public 1815

K. Marriage to Mary Morton, two children 1809

L. 1^st convert after 7 years of work 1815

M. Death of Mary 1821

N. Furlough to England 1824

O. Marriage to Elizabeth, 4 children 1825

P. Trade negociator: England & China

Q. Death in China with wife en route to England 1834

II. Karl F. A. Gutzlaff 1803 - 1851

A. Birth in Germany 1803

B. Indonesia with Netherlands Missionary Society

C. Independent missionary after 2 years

D. Move to Bankok, Thailand

E. Complete integration into culture

F. Translation of the Bible into Siamese

G. Portions translated into Cambodian & Laotian

H. Departure from Thailand 1831

I. Itinerant - Chinese coast for 2 yrs.

J. Translator for British during Opium War 1839

K. Goal to evangelize China in generation

L. Base in Hong Kong

M. Strategy to train national evangelists

N. Hoax - 2,871 recorded converts untrue

O. Tarnished reputation in death 1851

P. Inspiration - Chinese Evangelization Society

Q. "Grandfather of China Inland Mission"

III. Jonathan Goforth 1859 - 1935

A. Missionary to China, Manchuria, Korea

B. Birth in W. Ontario 1859

C. Presbyterian student at Knox College

D. Appointee of China Inland Mission

E. Marriage to Rosalind, 11 children

F. Missionary to Honan, China 1888

G. "Open House Evangelism"

H. Two thousand visitors one day

I. Preaching an average of 8 hrs. a day

J. Five-month period - 25,000 visitors

K. 1000 mile flight: Boxer Rebellion 1900

L. Itinerant centers of intense evangelism

M. Revival in Korea and Manchuria

N. Fundamentalist: Modernist Controversy

O. Death at 75 in Canada 1935

IV. J. Hudson Taylor 1832 - 1905

A. Founder of the China Inland Mission

1. Goal to reach all of China (400 million)

2. Force of more than 800 during lifetime

B. Birth in Yorkshire, England 1832

C. Conversion 1849

D. Unfinished medical training

E. Sent by Chinese Evangelization Society

1. Missionary to China 1854

2. Lived with missionaries, trips to Interior

3. Burden increased with trips up Yangtze

4. Adoption of Chinese dress and culture

5. Doctor with little support from mission

6. Resignation from C. E. S. 1857

F. Arduous engagement: Maria Dyer 1857

1. Meddling of Mary Anne Aldersey

2. Approval of Maria's Uncle William Tarn

3. Marriage 1858

G. Supervisor of Ningpo Hospital: 3 years

H. Long furlough for medical study & health 1860

I. Revision of the Ningpo N. T.

J. Creation of the China Inland Mission

1. "A million a month dying without God"

2. China Inland Mission 1865

3. Undenominational

4. Recruitment: English working class

5. No promised salary - living on faith

K. Departure - Maria, 4 children, 15 recruits 1866

L. Dissension of missionaries over unorthodoxy

M. Yangchow Incident - Chinese attack 1868

N. Church started 1869

O. Spiritual renewal 1870

P. Death of Maria & 5th child 1870

Q. Furlough & marriage to Jennie Faulding 1871

R. Return to China, with more missionaries 1872

S. C. M. in every province 1882

1. 640 missionaries on staff 1885

2. Weakness - diffusion (not concentration)

3. Emphasis not on evangelism

4. Emphasis on spreading a knowledge of Gospel

5. Lack of training of national leaders

T. Boxer Rebellion / Communist takeover

1. 135 missionaries, 53 M. K. 's killed 1900

2. 91 C. M. people killed in Shansi Province

U. Resignation as general director 1902

V. Death of Jennie in Switzerland 1904

W. Death of Hudson in China 1905

X. Largest foreign missionary organization 1914

1. Peak with 1,368 missionaries 1934

2. Named changed to Overseas Mission Fellowship 1964

3. Blessing with focus on least-reached

I. Henry Nott 1794 -

A. London Missionary Society: 1796

B. 30 missionaries to Tahiti, Tongo, Marquesas 1797

C. Birth of Nott in England 1794

D. Stubborn bricklayer remained in Tahiti

E. The supplying of arms to end rebellion

F. The baptism of the chief, Pomare II 1819

G. Subsequent conversion of many natives

II. Hiram Bingham

A. Graduate of Andover Seminary

B. Married Sybil 2 weeks before departure

C. Hawaiian Missions 1819

D. Work ethic stumbling block to converts

E. Opposition: immoral sailors and traders

F. Rapid established churches and schools

G. Dramatic conversion of chieftainess, Kapiolani

1. Denial of the power of god, Pele

2. Subsequent conversion of many natives

H. Major indigenous problem with sexual immorality

I. problem with materialistic missionaries

J. Missionaries had to earn own support

K. Attraction of a less demanding Catholicism

L. Decline of Protestant missions

1. Departure of Binghams

2. Civilization to Hawaii, but not christianized

3. Subject matter of Michener's book, Hawaii

III. John Williams 1796 - 1839

A. The "Apostle of Polynesia"

B. Birth in England 1796

C. Appointee of London Missionary Society

D. Marriage to Mary Chawner, 10 children

E. Settlement on Island of Raiatea 1818

F. Western civilization with evangelization

G. Built ship to move between islands

H. Resistance of home mission board

I. Plan to transport native evangelists

J. All islands within 2000 mi. of Tahiti visited

K. Furlough to raise funds 1834

1. Writer of A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Seas

2. Return to South Seas with boat 1838

L. Many obstacles to evangelism

1. Natives against missionary demands

2. Conflicts among missionaries (LMS & Wesleyan)

3. Roman Catholic teachings

M. Trip to island of Erromango in New Hebrides 1839

N. Death at the hands of cannibals 1839

IV. John Paton 1824 - 1907

A. Born in Scotland & raised Presbyterian 1824

B. Ten years of city missions in preparation

C. Ordination and marriage to Mary Ann Robson 1838

D. Missionary: Tanna, New Hebrides 1838

E. Death of Mary Ann 1839

F. Flight from islands during civil war 1862

G. Furlough in Australia and Great Britain

H. The purchase of mission ship 1863

I. Marriage to Margaret 1864

J. Planting of Church in Aniwa, New Hebrides 1864

K. Involved: "Gospel & gunpowder" incident

L. Criticism from John Geddie, Presbyterian missionary

M. Missionary statesman to Australia, Great Britain , North America.

N. Translation of Bible into Aniwan

O. Death of Margaret 1905

P. Death of John 1907

Q. Work carried on by son, Frank

V. James Chalmers 1840 - 1901

A. Scottish-born Presbyterian 1840

B. Marriage to Jane 1866

C. Missionaries: London Missionary Society

D. Ten-year ministry on Rarotonga 1866

E. Desire to go to unreached peoples

F. Departure to New Guinea 1877

G. Role of peacemaker, not persecutor

H. Departure and death of Jane 1879

I. Genuine love for and from the natives

J. Furlough in England

K. Joyous return to Rarotonga with second wife

L. Death of second wife to jungle fever

M. Death at the hands of cannibals 1901

VI. John C. Patteson 1827 - 1871

A. Birth in England 1827

B. 1^st Anglican bishop of Melanesia 1855

C. Director of New Zealand school

D. Linguist: fluent: 20 Melanesian dialects

E. Blackbirding: kidnapping of natives by seamen

F. Trust of natives turning to fear

G. Death by natives in revenge for kidnapping 1871

VII. Florence Young

A. Native of Sydney, Australia

B. Concern for plantation laborers

C. Member of the Plymouth Brethren

D. Teaching ministry: Solomon Islands 1882

E. Work within the system of exploitation

F. Founded Queensland Kanaka Mission

G. Missionary: China Inland Mission 1890

H. Returned to South Seas to direct mission 1900

I. Worked with converts to establish churches 1906

J. Changed to South Seas Evangelical Mission 1907

I. Two types

A. Independent (Faith missions)

B. Denominational (Centralized budget)

II. Results

A. They transformed the world.

B. They opened the door to ecumenical activity.

C. They opened the door to lay participation in ministry.

III. European missions

A. Baptist Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen

B. British Missionary Society 1795

C. London Missionary Society

D. Church Missionary Society (Anglican + others) 1799

E. Tract & ; Bible Society (interdenominational)

F. Netherlands Missionary Society 1796

G. Basel Mission 1815

H. Berlin Society 1824

I. China Inland Mission (faith mission ) 1853

J. Scandavian Alliance Mission (later, T. E. A. M. )

IV. American missions

A. Local

1. N. Y. Missionary Society 1796

2. Northern Missionary Society 1797

3. Philadelphia Missionary Society 1798

4. Many state societies

B. World

1. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions A. B. C. F. M. 1810

2. Baptist Mission Board A.B.F.M.S. (later) 1814

3. United Foreign Mission Society U.F.M.S. 1817

4. Christian and Missionary Alliance C.M.A. 1887

5. Evangelical Alliance Mission T.E.A.M. 1890

6. Latin (Central) American Mission L.A.M. 1890

7. Sudan Interior Mission S.I.M. 1893

8. Gospel Missionary Union G.M.U. 1894

9. African Inland Mission A.I.M. 1895

C. Church service societies

1. American Education Society 1816

2. American Colonization Society 1817

3. American Sunday School Union 1824

4. Tract Society 1825

5. American Bible Society 1826

D. Humanitarian societies: disinterested benevolence

1. American Temperance Society 1826

2. American Peace Society 1828

3. American Seaman's Society 1828

4. Anti-slavery Society 1833

V. Bible Colleges and seminaries

I. Puritans settled in New England

A. Primary motivation was glory of God, not evangelism

B. Goal was to plant churches, not stop at conversion

II. Episcopalians -settled in New England

III. Lutherans -followed German immigration

IV. Presbyterian - followed Scotch-Irish immigration

A. Initiative in forming church comes from people

B. Preaching more doctrinal and less practical

C. Pastors well-trained, seminary graduates

D. Church split for 15 years in 1700's

1. Old - pastors well-trained in Europe

2. New - pastors trained in informal schools

E. Leaders not from indigenous population

V. Congregationalist - worked with Presbyterians

A. Leaders not from indigenous population

B. Many pastors also school teachers

VI. Baptist - followed poor in the South

A. Search for better land on frontier

B. Separatist Congregationalists who became Baptists

C. Farmer-preachers who followed migration of people

D. Prejudice against educated and paid ministers

E. Leaders from indigenous population

VII. Methodist - were the most successful on frontier

A. Strategy

1. Itinerant ministers - circuit riders

2. Established classes

3. Converts won

4. Lay preachers raised up

5. Ordained preachers exhibited spiritual gifts

B. Message was free will and free grace

C. Leaders were from indigenous population

VIII. Disciples of Christ

A. Originally Presbyterians and Congregationalists

B. Desire to do away with denominational distinctives

C. Group eventually became a new denomination

IX. U.S. CHURCH Growth from 1850 to 1990

Church	1850	1990
A. Methodists (smallest in 1776)	1,324, 000	8,849,803
B. Baptists (3rd in 1776)	815,000	28,962,783
C. Presbyterians (2nd in 1776)	467,000	2,847,329
D. Congregationalists (1st in 1776)	197, 000	??
E. Lutherans	163,000	5,844,470
F. Disciples	118,000	677,223
G. Episcopalians	90,000	1,695,878

X. Largest U.S. denominations in 1990

I. Samuel Mills & Haystack prayer meeting

A. He was a missionary-minded Williams College student

B. He began the Society of the Brethren - 250 missionaries 1800

C. He Began the Society of Inquiry at Andover Seminary

D. He was the Ringleader of the "Haystack Prayer Meeting"

E. He supported Judson and other Andover students

F. He was a great missionary statesman, not a missionary

II. Luther Wilshard

A. He was the head of the y.m.c.a. 1870

B. He led the Princeton Foreign Missionary Society

C. "All should go, and go to all. "

III. Royal Wilder

A. He was a student at Andover Seminary

B. He was a Missionary enthusiast who gave a speech at princeton.

C. The “one hundred of Mount Hermon” signed the “princeton Pledge.”

1. D. L. Moody

2. John R. Mott

3. Robert Wilder

4. Robert Speer

5. Samuel Zwemer

D. He created the student organization at Mount Hermon 1886

E. He took the initiation oath into the Student Volunteer Movement

F. He went to India to work with students there.

IV. Student Volunteer Movement

A. Samuel Zwemer directed the student volunteer movement in the beginning. 1891

B. It had begun as a conservative movement.

C. It ended up as a liberal movement.

D. It had an impact on the sending of 6,200 volunteers to the mission field.

E. In 50 years, 20,500 students had gone to the mission field.

1. 1/3 to China

2. 1/5 to India

F. Students as missionaries differed from other missionaries.

1. They were very committed to evangelizing the world by any means.

2. Their training was mostly in liberal arts, not necessarily the Bible.

3. They adapted the Christian faith to the culture to win more souls.

4. They had a greater respect for other religions, perhaps too much.

5. They eventually contributed to the Ecumenical Movement.

6. Since the world was their mission field, they often changed location, not remaining in one place.

7. They often targeted the elite, the intellectuals, who could better influence their own people.

I. Charlie T. Studd 1870 -

A. British founder - Worldwide Evangelization Crusade

B. Conversion of father by D. L. Moody's sermon

C. Call at Moody Campaign to China

D. Part of the Cambridge 7 to Missions

E. Marriage to Priscilla Steward of Salvation Army

F. Worked with opium addicts

G. gave half million dollars in inheritance

"No sacrifice is too great for Him who gave His life for me. "

H. Sick leave - speaking ministry 1894

I. Missionary to India 1900

J. Sick leave - speaking ministry 1906

"Cannibals want missionaries"

K. Missionary to the Belgian Congo 1913

L. Founder-Heart of Africa Mission (WEC)

M. Hard on missionaries; negative view of Af. converts

N. Took morphine for his long work hours

O. Left W. E. C. to start new work

P. Criticism as fanatic, "Gambler for God"

Q. Mission restored by son-in-law, Norman Grubb

II. John R. Mott 1864 - 1955

A. Student at Upper Iowa U. and Cornell U.

B. Part of the "Mt. Hermon Hundred"

C. Leader of Student Volunteers 30 yrs

"Evangelization of world in this generation"

D. Head of World Student Christian Fed.

E. Chair - Edinburgh Missions Conf. 1910

1. 1^st inter-church missions conference

2. Impetus for Ecumenical Movement

3. Increase in interest in social gospel

F. Conservative on primacy of evangelism

G. Participant World Council of Churches

H. Fundamentalists against his social concern

I. Second marriage at 88 1953

J. Death 1955

III. Robert E. Speer 1867 - 1947

A. Student at Andover & Princeton

B. Sec. of Student Volunteer Movement

C. Sec. of Presbyterian Board of Missions

D. Expansion of Presbyt. role in missions

E. Primacy of evangelistic over social

F. Opposed to Lay Foreign Missions Inquiry

" . . . to see the best in other religions, to help the adherents of those religious to discover, or to rediscover, all the best in their own traditions, to cooperate with the most active and vigorous elements in the other traditions in social reform and in the purification of religious expression. The aim should not be conversion. "

G. Fundamentalist against Modernist

H. Open view towards women missionaries

I. Retirement from Presbyterian Missions; Death 1947

IV. Samuel Zwemer 1867 -

A. The Apostle to Islam"

B. Michigan - his father a Reformed pastor

C. Student at Hope College

D. Co-founder: American Arabian Mission

E. Missionary to Persian Gulf 1890

F. Wife - Amy Wilkes, Anglican 1895

G. Furlough & return to Bahrein Is. 1898

H. Death of two children 1904

I. Established of 4 mission stations 1905

J. Chairman of Cairo Conf. on Islam 1906

K. Sec. - Student Volunteer Movement

L. Sec. Reformed Board Foreign Missions

M. Request to be Coordinator of Islamic Missions

N. Move to Cairo

O. Rejected call to teach: Princeton 1918

P. Acceptance of 2^nd call to teach 1929

Q. Editor of the Moslem World for rest of 40 yrs.

R. Death of both wives 1937 & 1950

V. E. Stanley Jones - Maryland - 1884 - 1973

A. Need to divorce Christianity from West

B. Social concern + evangelization

C. Commitment to missions at Asbury College

D. India with Methodist Missionary Society

E. Be God's witness, not God's lawyer

F. Missionary to Lucknow, India 1907

G. Transfer to Sitapur 1910

H. Ministry to outcasts, burden for intellectuals

I. Nervous breakdown 1916

J. Furlough - dramatic spiritual change

K. Return as a distinguished evangelist

L. Message: Christ, not Christianity

M. Elimination of O.T. from preaching

N. Uniqueness of Christianity is not Bible nor doctrine, but Christ

O. Generous view of non-Christian systems

P. Foundation: Christian Ashram movement

Q. 24 Christian Ashrams in India 1940

R. Friendship-Ghandi & Jawaharial Nehru

S. Participant at Madras Conference 1938

T. Disagreement with Hendrick Kraemer's

1. Church is under God, the hope of world

2. His position - relativism of Church

3. De-emphasis on the church institution

U. Criticism by liberals and conservatives

V. Election as Methodist Bishop

W. Refusal - "an evangelist, not a bishop. "

X. Writer of The Christ of the Indian Road

Y. Death 1973

I. Charlotte Diggs ("Lottie") Moon - Virginia, 1840-1912

A. Southern Baptist Missionary to P'ing-tu, China 1873

B. Signs of female liberation in writings

C. 1^st opportunity to reach Chinese 1887

D. Policy of freedom from foreign interference

E. Triple ministry developed 1890

1. Establishment of a church 1889

2. Evangelistic work in villages

3. Training new missionaries in Tengchow

F. Boxer Rebellion,evacuation:Japan 1900

G. Local rebellion, mass starvation 1911

H. Died of starvation 1912

II. Amy Carmichael 1867 - 1951

A. 35 books on 55 years in India

B. Birth in North Ireland 1867

C. Influence of the Keswick Movement

D. "Macedonian Call" 1892

E. Move to Japan 1893

F. Move to Ceylon

G. Furlough to Ireland: Mr. Wilson’s care

H. Missionary to S. India for 55 yrs. without furlough

I. To Dohnavur - housing ministry 1901

1. Saving temple children from prostitution to Hindus

2. 130 children under her care 1913

3. Dohnavur Fellowship - care for the body & soul

J. Protestant order - Sisters of the Common Life 1913

1. Spiritual alternative to marriage

2. Beginning with Amy & 7 Indian women

3. Model: Brothers of Common Life 14^th

4. Three groups of Sisterhood 1950

K. Invalid for final 25 years (serious fall)

L. Death at Dohnavur 1951

III. Fletcher Brockman 1869 -

A. Raised in Georgia as a Methodist

B. National secretary and missionary for YMCA 1898

C. Open view towards world religions

D. Mission to establish the YMCA in U.S.

E. Departure to become YMCA administrator in USA

F. Retirement 1927

IV. Maude Cary: Kansas, 1878 - 1955

A. Student at Gospel Missionary Union Bible Institute

B. Missionary: 50 years to Morocco 1901

C. Evangelistic ministry in Arabic & Berber

D. 6 yr. engagement to missionary, G. Reed

E. Furlough after 23 years on field 1924

F. 4 single women to "man" 3 stations 1938

G. 11 new recruits after W. W. II 1948

H. Evangelism in El Hajeb at age of 71

I. Opening of a Bible institute 1951

J. Retirement and departure 1955

K. Morocco closed to all missions 1967

V. Johanna Veenstra 1894 - 1933

A. Birth in New Jersey 1894

B. Stenographer: N.Y. to help family 1909

C. Conversion in a Baptist church

D. Student - Union Missionary Training Institute, NYC

E. 3 yrs wait with Sudan United Mission

F. Student at Calvin College

G. Student at midwifery course in NYC

H. Pioneer work at Lupwe, Sudan

I. Established boarding sch. evangelists

J. evangelism in neighboring villages

K. Maternal attitude as a missionary

L. Death during routine surgery 1933

M. "From a mudhut to a mansion on high"

VI. Gladys Aylward 1902 -

A. Birth in London 1902

B. Housemaid at 14 to help family 1916

C. Rejected applicant of China Interior Mission 1929

D. Arduous trip through Russia, Manchuria, China

E. Collaborator with Jeannie Lawson

F. Operation of an inn for muleteers

G. Death of Jeannie

H. Request as foot inspector :Yangcheng

I. Bombing of Yangcheng by Japanese 1939

J. Adopted dozens of war children

K. Exodus from Shansi 100 children 1940

L. Safety in Siam - mental rehabilitation

M. China - Lanchow, Tsingsi, Chengtu 1943

N. Furlough - "Small woman" of China 1949

O. Return to Taiwan 1957

VII. Helen Roseveare 1925 -

A. British missionary doctor to the Congo

B. Medical degree from Cambridge

C. Left Anglo-Catholic for Evangelical

D. Missionary -Worldwide Evangelization Crusade 1953

E. Vision of training center for nurses

1. First training center at Ibambi

2. Second training center at Nebobongo

3. Mission appointed an English male doctor over her

4. Tension between the two

F. Furlough 1958

G. Return to Congo 1960

1. Nebobongo replacement to Dr. Harris on furlough

2. Simba Rebellion

3. Captivity for five months 1964

4. Brutal rape

5. Rescue December 31, 1964

H. Return to Congo 1966

I. Left Africa, broken in spirit 1973

I. Edinburgh 1910

A. 1200 appointed delegates

1. Western domination

2. 17 Asians

3. 21 subsequent regional conferences

4. 1600 participants

5. 35% Asian

6. 14% women

B. Limited focus on non-Christian world

C. Lack of recognition of colonial problem

D. Inspiration behind Ecumenical Movement

E. Supporting streams

1. Life and Work Movement

2. Faith and Order Movement

3. Student Movements

4. Cooperative Mission Movements

F. Proposals

1. International Missionary Council (M.C.) 1921

2. John Mott, chairman

3. Organization of Jerusalem and Madras

4. World Council of Churches (W.C.C.) 1948

II. Jerusalem 1928

III. Madras Conference 1938

IV. Amsterdam 1948

A. Constituency:147 churches, 44 countries, no Catholics

B. Formation of World Council of Churches

C. All who accept Jesus Christ as God and Savior

D. Adherence to the Scriptures

V. New Dehli 1961

A. Merger of M.C. and W.C.C.

1. M.C.

a) Missionary leaders

b) Evangelical voice with others

2. W.C.C.

a) Church leaders

b) Less theological diversity

3. Departure of evangelicals from newly formed W.C.C.

B. Affirmations of M.C. / W.C.C.

1. There is a continuing need for mission organization

2. There is a continuing need for world missions

3. Anachronism: There is no need for missionary organization

4. There is a Church in every country, so no need for missions

C. Shifts in W.C.C.(loss of cutting edge of evangelism)

1. Shift from independent groups to cooperative groups

2. Shift from evangelism to social action

3. Shift from needs overseas to those in U. S.

4. Shift from many missionaries to few missionaries

a) 50-60% of total missionary force then 1945

b) 7% of total now 1980

5. Shift from personal salvation to universalism

D. Rebuttals of W. C. C. position

1. Speer - "The Finality of Jesus Christ"

2. Kramer - "Christian Message in Non-Christian World"

VI. Berlin 1966

A. Neglected issues

1. Unity

2. Relationship between evangelism and social action

B. Tendency: Primacy of evangelism and reaching the unreached

VII. Lausanne 1974

A. Theme: "Let the Earth Hear His Voice"

B. Goal: Primacy of evangelism and reaching the unreached

VIII. Melbourne 1980

A. Theme: "Thy Kingdom come"

B. Goal: Reflecting His glory through social action

IX. Pattaya 1980

A. Theme: "How Shall They Hear? "

B. Goal: Primacy of evangelism and reaching the unreached

X. Edinburgh 1980

A. Goal: Primacy of evangelism and reaching the unreached

XI. Manila 1988

A. Theme: The whole Gospel for the whole world

B. Goal: Equal importance of evangelism and development

I. Different perspectives

A. State Church: Society assumed Christian

B. Anabaptist Church: Separation of Church and State

C. Pietist : Renewal of State Church from within

D. Separatist: Doctrinal purity and independence

E. Evangelical: Fulfillment of Great Commission

F. Pentecostal: The Full Gospel

II. Liberal: Modernists

A. Social concern: Fulfillment of Great Commandment

B. All religions valid

C. Reason, science, and progress

D. Human goodness

III. Conservative: Fundamentals

A. Spiritual concern: Fulfillment of Great Commission

B. One unique religion

C. Faith, dogma, and tradition

D. Human depravity

IV. split: liberals vs. conservatives

A. Darwinism vs. Creationism

B. Social Gospel vs. Evangelistic Gospel

C. Biblical criticism vs. Biblical authority

V. Political Imperialism

A. Decolonization: lack of national leadership training

B. Pride mixed with concern for colonies

C. 400 years Western build-up; 40 years tear-down

D. More than 30 new nations in U.N.

VI. Nationalistic Imperialism:

A. Nationalization: Capitalist-Socialist polarization

B. Relationship of government to people

C. Condemnation mixed with admiration for colonialists

D. Indigenous national leadership

VII. Economic Imperialism

A. Industrialization of the West

B. Increase in Western businesses overseas

C. Inability of nationals to provide services

D. Industrialization of the non-West

E. Multi-national corporations

F. Oil domination (O. P. E. C. )

G. Increased technology (Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan)

VIII. Cultural Imperialism

A. Contextualization

B. Indigeneity

1. Self definition

2. Self perception

3. Self financing

4. Self management

5. Self multiplication

C. Rejection of cultural invasion

D. Reaction against destructive influence

E. Reaction against replacement of traditional forms

F. Reaction against American education abroad

G. Critique of expensive and elitist missions

IX. Religious imperialism

A. Ascendance of non-Western churches

B. Largest church in world - Seoul, Korea

C. Ten largest churches - non-Western

D. Pessimism among Western Church leaders

E. Feeling of threat from missions with independence

F. Lack of confidence in the indigenous Church

G. Non-Western missions

1. Indonesian Bataks 1900

2. First Korean Presbyterian General Assembly 1908

3. Melanesian Brotherhood 1920

4. India Evangelical Mission

H. Hurdles to non-Western mission thinking

1. Pioneering spirit of West: only ones called

2. Cultural superiority of West: only ones capable

3. Economic base of West: only ones who can afford it

4. Sufficiency in West: Few overwhelming needs

I. Refutation of non-Western mission thinking

1. Sending strengthens rather than weakens

2. A healthy church has sent-ness (Apostolic Church)

3. Revival results in a missionary impetus

A. Southern Baptists	15,032,798
B. United Methodists	8,849,803
C. National Baptists	8,000,000
D. Evangelical Lutheran	3,889,462
E. Nat. Baptists of Am.	3,500,000
F. Presbyterians	2,847,329
G. Charismatic Fellowsh.	2,500,000
Total Protestants - 43%	107,661,254
Total Evangelicals - 30%	74,000,000
Total Pentecostals - 13%	33,300,000

I. Outline

A. The First Century Church 27 - 65

B. The Roman Empire 65 - 500

C. The Early Middle Ages 500 - 950

D. The Late Middle Ages 950 - 1500

E. Reformation and Expansion 1500 - 1800

F. Skepticism and Revival

G. The Great Missionary Century 1800 - 1900

H. World Christianity 1900 - 2000

II. General Context

A. The youth of Christianity

1. Animism - very ancient diminishing

2. Polytheism - Egypt, Italy, Greece diminishing

3. Zoroastrianism - Persia diminishing

4. Hinduism - 3000 yrs. old, India apogee 1500

5. Judaism - 3000 yrs. old, Israel diminishing

6. Confucianism - 2500 yrs. old, China diminishing

7. Buddhism - 2500 yrs. old, India apogee 500

8. Christianity - 2000 yrs. old maintaining

9. Manicheism - 1700 yrs. old extinct

10. Islam - 1300 yrs. old, Arabia advancing

B. The uniqueness of Christianity

1. More widespread than any other religion has ever been

2. God comes down to man instead of man going up to God.

3. The evolution of Christianity (three interpretations)

4. Christianity is decaying: post-Christian era in Europe

5. Christianity is expanding: largest expanse of any religion

6. Christianity will rise and fall until the end of the world.

C. The Pre-Christian Context

1. Egypt

2. Babylon

3. Israel

a) It never ranked with major empires, even under Solomon.

b) Disasters of the 8th and 6th centuries hurt the empire.

c) Faith was often purified after their trials.

d) Judaism holds its people together.

4. Greece

a) Antiochus Epiphanes - Seleucids B. C. 215 -163

b) Realm in Syria

c) Hellenization of Jewish society

d) Maccabeen Revolt

5. Rome

I. Biblical Activity

A. Make disciples Mt. 28:19,20

B. Preach the good news Mk. 16:15,16

C. Preach repentance and forgiveness Lk. 24:46-48

D. Go with divine authority Jn. 20:21

E. Receive power and be witnesses Ac. 1:8

II. Early Church Events

A. The crucifixion The sacrificial lamb of atonement

B. The resurrection The gift of eternal life

C. Pentecost The gift of the H. S.

D. The Church of Jerusalem The first church

E. Paul's missionary journeys The first mission agency

III. Church Planters

A. Peter 64

B. John

C. James the Younger

D. James the Elder

E. Thomas

F. Matthew

G. Andrew

H. Bartholomew

I. Paul

J. Timothy

K. Titus

IV. Persecutions

A. Martyrs

I. Evangelism

A. Preaching and teaching of evangelists:

B. Personal witness of believers

C. Every Christian a missionary

D. Equal treatment of social classes

E. Acts of kindness and charity

F. Faith shown in persecution and death

G. Intellectual reasoning of apologists: Origen, Tertullien

H. Meetings: synagogues, public places, homes, secret

II. Church Planting

III. Persecutions ("The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church" - Tertullian)

I. Emperor Constantine 306 - 337