History of Church Growth: Syllabus and Assignments

The young African Church can learn much from the historical Church victories and defeats experienced on other continents, by other men, and in other time periods. The course emphasizes neither dates nor historical facts. Rather, it studies the reasons behind the strengths and weaknesses of the Church, its boldness and its fear, its spirituality and its carnality, its growth and decline. By the end of the course, it will be evident that the key to growth and victory in the Church has always been a vibrant and dynamic evangelism. It is complementary to the course, Movements of Church Growth.

Unit	Lesson	Assignment
1. Introduction	Syllabus and Assignments	Regular attendance in class.
2. Introduction	Outline, Context, & Questionnaires
3. Early Church	Jesus and the Great Commission
4. Roman Empire	Expansion of the Church
5. Roman Empire	Tolerance of the Church
6. Roman Empire	Sects within the Church
7. Roman Empire	Missions by the Church
8. Early Middle Ages	Organization of the Church
9. Early Middle Ages	Invasions by Muslims and Vikings
10. Late Middle Ages	Crusades	1-2 page report on Church history book.
11. Late Middle Ages	Legacy of the Crusades
12. Late Middle Ages	Organization of the Church
13. Late Middle Ages	Pre-Reformation
14. Late Middle Ages	Persecution of the Church
15. Reformation	Lutherans
16. Reformation	Calvinists: The Reformed Church
17. Reformation	Persecution of French Reformers
18. Reformation	Anabaptists
19. Reformation	Mennonites / Amish
20. Reformation	Catholic Response: Counter Reform	5-10 page history of your denomination
21. Reformation	Dutch Reform and Arminianism
22. Reformation	Jansenists
23. Reformation	Key Anglicans
24. Reformation	Anglican Doctrine and Politics
25. Reformation	Puritans, Separatists, Baptists
26. Reformation	Pietists and Moravians
27. Reformation	Presbyterians
28. Reformation	Methodists
29. Western Missionary	Missionaries to American Indians
30. Western Missionary	Missionaries to India	A report on an evangelist or missionary
31. Western Missionary	Missionaries to Africa
32. Western Missionary	Missionaries to China
33. Western Missionary	Missionaries to Pacific Islands
34. Western Missionary	European & American Missions
35. Western Missionary	American denominations
36. Western Missionary	The Student Volunteer Movement
37. World Christianity	Student Missionaries
38. World Christianity	Single Women Missionaries
39. World Christianity	World Mission Conferences	Completion of questionnaires
40. World Christianity	Retreat of the West	Final exam in the next class
41. Final exam

Outline and General Context

I. Outline

A. The First Century Church 27 - 65

B. The Roman Empire 65 - 500

C. The Early Middle Ages 500 - 950

D. The Late Middle Ages 950 - 1500

E. Reformation and Expansion 1500 - 1800

F. Skepticism and Revival

G. The Great Missionary Century 1800 - 1900

H. World Christianity 1900 - 2000

II. General Context

A. The youth of Christianity

1. Animism - very ancient diminishing

2. Polytheism - Egypt, Italy, Greece diminishing

3. Zoroastrianism - Persia diminishing

4. Hinduism - 3000 yrs. old, India apogee 1500

5. Judaism - 3000 yrs. old, Israel diminishing

6. Confucianism - 2500 yrs. old, China diminishing

7. Buddhism - 2500 yrs. old, India apogee 500

8. Christianity - 2000 yrs. old maintaining

9. Manicheism - 1700 yrs. old extinct

10. Islam - 1300 yrs. old, Arabia advancing

B. The uniqueness of Christianity

1. More widespread than any other religion has ever been

2. God comes down to man instead of man going up to God.

3. The evolution of Christianity (three interpretations)

4. Christianity is decaying: post-Christian era in Europe

5. Christianity is expanding: largest expanse of any religion

6. Christianity will rise and fall until the end of the world.

C. The Pre-Christian Context

1. Egypt

2. Babylon

3. Israel

a) It never ranked with major empires, even under Solomon.

b) Disasters of the 8th and 6th centuries hurt the empire.

c) Faith was often purified after their trials.

d) Judaism holds its people together.

4. Greece

a) Antiochus Epiphanes - Seleucids B. C. 215 -163

b) Realm in Syria

c) Hellenization of Jewish society

d) Maccabeen Revolt

5. Rome

Jesus and the Great Commission

"What began as a Jewish sect in A.D. 30 had grown into a world religion by A.D. 60. " (J. Herbert Kane)

I. Biblical Activity

A. Make disciples Mt. 28:19,20

B. Preach the good news Mk. 16:15,16

C. Preach repentance and forgiveness Lk. 24:46-48

D. Go with divine authority Jn. 20:21

E. Receive power and be witnesses Ac. 1:8

II. Early Church Events

A. The crucifixion The sacrificial lamb of atonement

B. The resurrection The gift of eternal life

C. Pentecost The gift of the H. S.

D. The Church of Jerusalem The first church

E. Paul's missionary journeys The first mission agency

III. Church Planters

A. Peter 64	Jerusalem (Bible) - Rome (legend)	"The first Pope"
B. John	Jerusalem (Bible)	Last apostle to die probably
C. James the Younger	Jerusalem (Bible)
D. James the Elder	Spain (legend)
E. Thomas	India (legend)	First church at Madras, Tamil Nadu
F. Matthew	Ethiopia (legend)
G. Andrew	Scythe (legend)
H. Bartholomew	Arabia and India (legend)
I. Paul Þ His persecution 1. 2 Corinthians 11:25-28 2. Interpersonal conflicts a) Dispute over John Mark · Paul with Silas · Barnabus with nephew, John Mark b) Meat offered to idols at Corinth c) Circumcision of Gentile Christians d) His Execution in Rome (legend) 64	Þ His journeys (Acts) Þ A period of ten years 47 - 57 1. Cyprus, Pamphilia, Galatia, Asia (Ephesus, Colossae) 2. Syria, Cilicia, Galatia, Asia, Macedonia (Thessalonica, Philippi), Achaia (Athens, Corinth) 3. Syria, Asia, Galatia, Macedonia	Þ His Strategy 1. Centers of trade and political influence 2. Synagogues 3. Public places 4. People from all levels of society 5. Independent churches (not mission stations) 6. Self support ministry (tent making)
J. Timothy	Þ Ephesus (Bible)
K. Titus	Þ Crete (Bible)

IV. Persecutions

A. Martyrs

B. Persecutors

· Jesus 30

· Steven 31

· James the Elder 44

· Jews, Agrippa, Pontius Pilate 10 - 44

· Jews (Saul) and Herod Agrippa

· Jews and Herod Agrippa

· James the Younger 62

· Paul (legend) 64

· Peter 64

· Accused of setting fire to Rome. 64

· Nero (37 - 68) 54 - 68

Expansion of the Church

I. Evangelism

A. Preaching and teaching of evangelists:

B. Personal witness of believers

C. Every Christian a missionary

D. Equal treatment of social classes

E. Acts of kindness and charity

F. Faith shown in persecution and death

G. Intellectual reasoning of apologists: Origen, Tertullien

H. Meetings: synagogues, public places, homes, secret

II. Church Planting

Þ Asia	Þ Europe	Þ N. Africa
1. Armenia	1. England	1. Alexandria
2. India	2. France	2. Algeria
3. Mesopotamia	3. Italy	3. Tunisia
4. Palestine	4. Spain
5. Syria

III. Persecutions ("The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church" - Tertullian)

Þ Martyrs / Lieu / Dates	Þ Emperors / Reign / persecution
1. Babylas 2. Polycarp, Bishop / Smyrna, Asia / 70 - 156 · “For eighty-six years I have been His servant, and Hehas never done me wrong. How can I blaspheme my King who saved me? (. . . ) The fire you threaten burns for a time and is soon extinguished; there is a fire you know nothing about -- the fire of the judgment to come and of eternal punishment , the fire reserved for the ungodly. " (reported by Eusebius) 3. Justin Martyr Rome, Italy 100 - 165
4. Perpetua / Carthage, Tunisia / 203 5. Felicitas 6. Saturus 7. Revocatus 8. Secundulus 9. Origen Tyre, Lebanon 185 - 254	1. Septimus Severus/ 193-211 / 202 - 203
10. 20th Pope Fabian / Rome, Italy / 236 - 250 11. Agatha Catania, Italy 251	2. Decian / 249-251 / 249 - 251
12. 21st Pope Cornelius Rome, Italy 251 - 253 13. 24th Pope Sextus II Rome, Italy 257 - 258 14. Cyprian Carthage, Tunisia 258	3. Valerian / 253-260 / 257 - 258
15. Agnes Rome, Italy 304 16. 29th Pope Marcellinus Rome, Italy 296 - 304 17. 30th Pope Marcellus Rome, Italy 308 - 309 18. 31st Pope Eusebius Rome, Italy 309 - 310	4. Diocletian / 284-305 / 303 - 312

Tolerance of the Church

I. Emperor Constantine 306 - 337

A. Conversion 312

B. Edit of Milan 313

C. Impact on the Church

D. A more comfortable Christianity: Decline in a vibrant Christian testimony

E. A political organization resembling that of the Roman Empire

F. Nominal Christianity throughout the Roman Empire

G. A clergy / laity split:

"By A. D. 300 the Church had shown such tremendous strength and virility, and was spreading so swiftly, that it appeared the entire civilized world could be evangelized by A. D. 500. But something happened. Emperor Constantine in the year 313 issued the Edict of Toleration by which the long agonizing persecution of the Christians was at last brought to a halt. In the following decades numerous other edicts favoring the Christians were passed, until at last the whole Roman Empire was declared by fiat to be Christian. Thus millions of barbarians flooded into the Church, bringing with them all of the pagan superstitions and heresies. They didn't even know the gospel. They had never experienced its transforming power and, of course, they could not go out and tell others about it. So, little by little, the idea arose that there was a division between the clergy and the laity, and that this task of evangelism was the job of professionally trained individuals. " (Kennedy, James. Evangelism Explosion. Page 4. )

II. Missionaries after Roman tolerance

A. Ulfilas 311 - 381

1. Raised in Romania

2. Diplomatic service to Constantinople 331 - 341

3. Ministry to Gothic soldiers in Roman army

4. Disciple of Eusebius

5. Influence of Arius, a contemporary

6. Difficulty with the divinity of Christ

7. Sinless Christ essentially different from God

8. Bishop to the Goths in Romania 341 - 381

9. Translator of the Bible into Gothic

10. Rivalry between the Romans and the Goths

11. Roman appointment of Ulfilas, political in nature

B. Patrick 390 - 460

1. Neither Roman Catholic nor Irish

2. Born in the Roman province of Britain 390

3. Christian family in the Celtic church

4. Slave to Ireland in mid-teens

5. Conversion while in six years of slavery

6. Escape to St. Honorat on the French Riviera

7. Macedonian call to return to Ireland

8. Study in Auxerre, France

9. Missionary to Ireland 432

10. Power encounters with the druids

11. Religious toleration proclaimed by King Loigaire

12. Strategy

a) Win the political leader (even with gifts)

b) Intensive biblical training to the converts

c) Encouragement that converts become ministers

13. Implantation of over 200 churches

14. Baptism of over 100,000 converts

Sects within the Christian Church

I. Cabalism

A. Mystical, esoteric method of interpreting Scripture

B. Claim of descent by oral tradition from Abraham

C. Occult meanings in every letter and word of Scripture

II. Zoroastrianism

A. Dualistic religion of Persia

B. Founder Zoroaster, Iranian religious prophet 6 B. C.

C. Sacred writings, Zend Avesta

D. Dualistic doctrine of good and evil

E. Good god Ahura Mazdah and evil god Ahriman

F. People of righteousness and people of falsehood

G. Three commandments

H. Think good thoughts

I. Speak good words Perform good deeds

III. Gnosticism

A. Mixed sources in Zoroastrianism, Cabalism, Christianity

B. Distant god united with the evil world of matter

C. Salvation made possible through esoteric knowledge

D. O. T. god antithesis of the true God

E. Jesus was not God-man

F. No death for salvation

G. Death for knowledge of secret truths and formulas

H. Two types of gnostics

I. Ascetics trying to crush evil matter

J. Libertarians believing that it made no difference

IV. Arianism

A. Christ is subordinate to the Father

B. Christ created, begotten, but not eternal

C. Condemnation at the First Council at Nicea 325

D. Founder is Arius 256 - 336

E. Excommunicated, later reinstated 321

V. Montanism 2nd - 4th centuries

A. Founder Montanus

B. Phrygian Christian who prophesied 156 - 172

C. Superiority of prophecy over church hierarchy

D. Proclamation of the coming of the spirit of truth

E. Proclamation of the imminent return of Christ

F. Emphasis on speaking in tongues

G. Emphasis on abstinence from worldly practices

H. Emphasis on martyrdom

VI. Pelagianism

A. Founder Pelagius 360 - 420

B. British theologian and monk

C. Visit to Rome to refute Augustinian teachings

D. Saying: "If I ought, I can. "

E. Doctrine

F. Natural ability of man to do good

G. Natural innocence of man

H. Primacy of human will in salvation

I. Possibility of sinless perfection

J. Opposition to predestination and original sin

K. Condemnation by Council of Ephesus 431

Missions by the Church

I. To the Celts (a purer form of missionary work than the Roman)

A. Columba- Scotland 521 -597

1. He was an Irish deacon, then priest; he established many monasteries: Derry, Durrow, Kells.

2. He fought with King Diarmuid of Ireland, switched from home missions to foreign missions 563

3. He established a monastery on the island of Iona

4. He evangelized the Picots and King Brude of the Scots

5. He had power encounters with the druids

6. Competition between two missions: Initial work by Celts, dominant work by Romans

B. Columbanus - France 540 -615

1. He was an Irish poet and missionary to Europe

2. He established many monasteries

C. Augustine- England 597

1. He was the first Archbishop of Canterbury.

2. He began his ministry as a monk in Saint Andrew’s Monastery in Rome.

3. Pope Gregory I asked him to lead a team of missionaries to England.

4. They arrived on the Island of Thanet, to the Southwest of England. 597

5. Ethelbert, the King of the Jutes, welcomed them.

6. His preaching and his missionary team won thousands of English to Christ, including the King.

II. To the Chinese and the indians: The Nestorians 635

A. Nestorius (Include nestorianism in lesson 5 on roman sects)

1. Born of Persian parents.

2. Studied under Theodore of Mopsuestia.

3. A monk at Antioch, an excellent preacher.

4. Chosen by Emperor Theodosius II as Patriarch of Constantinople.

5. Mary: Against the “Mother of God,” preferred “the Mother of Christ,” accepted “Mother of man.”

6. Separated the two natures of Christ, but worshipped the Christ of both natures.

7. Condemned as a heretic at the Council of Ephesus, exiled to Antioch, then died in Egypt. 431

III. To the Dutch: Willibrord 700

IV. To the Germans

A. Boniface (680-675) 720

1. Born in England, called to be an “Apostle to Germany” 718

2. He evangelized the “barbaric invaders” for 3 years: Franks, Angles, Saxons

3. He was named bishop. 723

4. He founded the Abbey of Fulda, on of the most famous in Germany. 743

5. He became archbishop of Mainz 748-754

6. He died at the hands of an angry mob. 755

Conclusion: Loss of vitality with the Church

1. Top-heavy hierarchy

2. Sacramentalism

3. Observance of ceremonies

4. Passive role of laity

5. Prayers to Mary and the saints

6. Veneration of relics

7. Pilgrimages

8. Institution more important than Word

9. False doctrines (purgatory, infallibility of pope)

10. Corruption and immorality of leadership

Organization of the Church

I. The Church Split

Þ Western Church	Þ Eastern Church
1. Roman	1. Nestorian
2. Latin speaking	2. Syriac speaking
3. Politically minded	3. Missionary-minded

II. The Western Church Structure

Þ Roman Church Structure	Þ Feudal Structure
1. Pope	1. Emperor
2. Archbishops	2. Grand nobility: Lords
3. Bishops	3. Petty nobility
4. Priests	4. Land owners
5. Military orders	5. Knights
6. Clerics	6. Minstrels
7. Laity	7. Serfs

III. Monasticism

Þ Strong Points	Þ Weak Points
1. Discipleship	1. Salvation by works
2. Spiritual retreat	2. Isolationism
3. Lay movement	3. Gnostic tendencies
4. Academic center	4. Elitist
5. Anti-formalism	5. Celibacy
6. Anti-nominalism	6. Mariolatry
7. Anti-institution	7. Decline
8. Periodic missionary efforts	8. Wealth
	9. Feudalism
	10. Nobility

IV. Monastic Orders

Þ Orders	Þ Founders / Patrons	Þ Places
1. Benedictines	1. Benedict of Nursia (480-547)	1. Mount Cassino, Italy (529) 2. Mont St. Michel, France (1150)
2. Clunisians	2. Duke William of Aquitaine	3. Cluny, France (910)
3. Cistercans	3. Hildebrand (Gregory VII) (1078-1085) 4. Robert de Molesme (de Champagne)	4. Molesme, France (1075)
4. Canons Regular		5. Citeaux, France (1098)
5. Knights Templar	5. Bernard de Clairvaux (1091-1153) 6. Arnold de Brescia	6. Clairvaux, France (1115)

V. CHRISTIAN RULERS

Þ Clovis 466 - 511	Þ Alfred the Great 849 - 899
1. King of the Franks 481 - 511	1. King of Wessex 871 - 888
2. Convert to Catholicism 496	2. King of England 878 - 899
Þ Charlemagne 742 - 814	3. Conqueror of the Danes 886
3. King of the Franks 768 - 814	4. Translator of Bede's, Church History
4. Holy Roman Emperor 800 - 814
5. Father of Carolingians
6. Conversion of others by the sword

Invasions by the Muslims and vikings

I. Islam - submission to God's will

A. The Founder: Mohammed

1. Born in 570 A. D at Mecca, Arabia, grew up with an uncle, parents having died

2. Married a rich widow, Khadijah, having looked after her caravan trade

3. After age of 40, received "revelations" from God, shared Gabriel's vision with family and slave

4. Those close to him believed

5. Revelations stressed the worship of one true God and strong ethical content

6. Hell and judgment for the idolatrous

7. Flight from Mecca to Medina in June, 622 because of threats to his life

8. The Muslim calendar dates from the "hijra," June, 622 (0 year of A. H. )

9. Lead very well in Medina and attracted many followers

10. By 631, Mohammed and followers were strong enough to attack Mecca

11. Death in 632, the last and greatest prophet of God

B. Beliefs: salvation by works

1. The Quran - recitation - formulated from 610 to 632 A. D.

2. The surahs are arranged according to their length, not chronologically

a) Early "surahs" or chapters were stirring sermons delivered in Mecca

b) Later "surahs" in Medina contain practical advice on political, social, & military organization

3. Monotheistic - anti-polytheistic, anti-trinitarian

4. Inspiration - The words of the Quran are literally the words of God, in Arab, magical to many.

C. Practices

1. Legalistic and militaristic

2. The pillars of Islam

a) Shahada - Confession of the creed

b) Salat - Prayer five times a day, facing Mecca

c) Zakat - Charitable giving (2 1 / 2 % of earnings) to the poor and for religious causes

d) Ramadan - Fasting during the daylight hours of the 9t^h month of the Muslim lunar calendar.

e) Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

f) Jihad - Exertion on behalf of God, including holy war

D. Territories conquered

1. Middle East (Palestine, Constantinople)

2. N. Africa 650

3. Spain (driven out in 1492)

E. Reasons for its expansion

1. Christianity was not indigenized

2. Christianity was politically imposed

3. Rivalries among Christian sects

II. Vikings (Normands, Scandinavian pirates)

A. Territories conquered 9th - 11thTerritories

1. Russia (Kiev) 860

2. Iceland 874

3. France (Normandy) 911

4. Greenland 982

5. America 1000

6. England 1066

B. Reasons for European expansion

1. Decline of Charlemagne

2. Power vacuum

3. Weak central government

C. Conversions

1. Olaf Tryggason- King of Norway 995

2. Olaf Haraldsson - King of Norway

The Crusades (1000 - 1300)

I. Reasons for the Crusades

Þ Economic

1. Famine

2. Poverty

3. Overpopulation

Þ Religious

1. Best "good work"

2. Pilgrimage to Holy Land

3. Spiritual warfare

Þ Military

1. Young sons of nobles

2. Protection of pilgrims

Þ Political

1. Unity of Church

2. Conquest of lost territories

3. Increase in the power of Rome

II. A Summary of Each Crusade

(1st)157th Pope Urban II - 1096 - 1099

1. Stimulants

· Plenary indulgence offered

· Release from time in purgatory

· Honor of martyrdom

· "The Will of God"

2. Results

· Conquests: Edessa, Nicea, Tarsus, Antioch, Jerusalem 1099

· Institution of feudal system

· Greater brutality than Muslims

· Control for 50 years

(5th) 174thPope Innocent III 1217 - 1221

1. People

· John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem

· Andrew II, King of Cyprus and Hungary

2. Stimulants

· Crusade of the Children (died in transit)1215

3. Results

· Conquest of Damiet, Egypt 1219

· Loss of Damiet, Egypt 1221

· Emperor Fredrick II (1194-1250) 1229

· Negotiated Conquest

· Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth

(2nd) 65^thPope Eugene III 1147 - 1149

1. People

· Bernard de Clairvaux 1146

· King Louis VII of France, Emperor Conrad III

2. Stimulants

· Fall of Edessa 1144

· The stronger Muslim forces

3. Results

· Defeat at Damascus

(6th) King Louis IX of France 1248 - 1254

1. Stimulants

· Fall of Jerusalem 1244

· Destruction of the French Army

2. Results

· Conquest of Damiet, Egypt 1249

· Partial Conquest of Egypt

· Defeat and Capture of the King 1250

· Negotiated Loss of Damiet, Egypt

· Negotiated Release of the King

(3rd) 171st Pope Gregory VIII 1189 - 1192

1. People

· William, Archbishop of Tyre

· Emperor Fredrick Barberousse

· King Philip Auguste of France

· King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England

2. Stimulants

· Fall of Jerusalem 1187

3. Results

· Conquest of Cyprus and Acre

· Treaty to be able to visit Jerusalem

(7th) King Louis IX of France 1269 - 1270

1. Stimulants

· King's desire to convert the Sultan of Tunisia

2. Results

· King dies at Tunis, Tunisia 1270

(4th) 174th Pope Innocent III 1202 - 1204

1. People

· Peter Capuano and Foulques de Neuilly

· Boniface de Montferrat

· Baudouin de Flandres

· Dandolo

· Geoffroy de Villehardouin

2. Results

· Conquest of Constantinople 1204

· Baudouin named Latin emperor

· Retreat of Byzantines to Nicea 1204 - 1261

(8th) Prince Edward I of England (1239-1307)1272 - 1307

1. Results:

· Failure to save Acre in Galilee 1291

The Legacy of the Crusades

I. Militaristic evangelism (deformed sense of mission)

A. No need to convert infidels

B. Need to exterminate infidels

C. Evolution from pacifism to "just war"

II. Increased exploration

A. Asia

B. Africa

C. South America (feudalism still felt today)

III. Stimulation

A. Economic:

1. Rise of a middle class

2. Trade routes opened

3. Northern Italy (Genoa, Venice)

4. Over Alps down the Rhine

B. Political

1. Rise of the nation state

2. Weakening of the feudal state

3. Creation of the town, "the third state"

C. Cultural

1. Byzantine architecture imported

2. Travel and ethnic exchange

IV. Division

A. Permanent split between East / West churches

B. Increased conflict between Muslims and Christians

V. Inquisition

A. Catholic organization against heresy (Muslims, Jews, Cathares, Waldensians)

B. Locations notably in France, Portugal, & Spain

C. Spanish New Inquisition 1478 - 1484

VI. Bitter Relationships

A. The Muslims still consider Christians as the aggressors, and vice-versa.

B. The Crusades have proved to be an obstacle in evangelizing the Muslims today.

VII. A Spiritual Decline

A. The Church’s followers forsook the teachings of Jesus on Loving our enemies.

B. The Church’s followers went the way that “seemed right,” but it was the way of the flesh, not the way of the Spirit. Prov. 14:12

Conclusion: A Historian’s Evaluation

“Seen from a historical perspective, the entire movement of the Crusades was an enormous fiasco .... The triumphs of the Crusades were a triumphs of the faith, but faith without wisdom is a dangerous thing .... The historian, as he contemplates over the centuries, the crusaders’ courage, must realize that his admiration is covered with sadness because of the testimony it gave to the limitations of human nature. There was a lot of courage, but so little honor, a lot of devotion, but so little understanding. The high ideals were tarnished by cruelty and greed, the enterprise and the endurance by self-justification which was blind and narrow. The Holy War itself was nothing more than a long act of intolerance in the name of God, which is sin against the Holy Spirit” (S. Runciman. A History of the Crusades, Vol. III, 1954, pp 469,480).

Organization of the Church

Introduction

1. Three Types of orders: Friars, Sisters, Lay movement

I. Three Orders

Þ The poor Catholics 1207

1. Precursors

2. Goal to win back Waldensians

3. Suppression by Church

Þ Dominicans 1214

1. St. Dominique 1170 - 1221

2. The order of preachers

3. Disciples in strategic places in Europe

4. Dedicated to combating heresy

5. High level of learning

6. Outward towards world

7. Not inward towards cloister

Þ Franciscans 1223

1. Francis of Assisi 1181 - 1226

2. "The little poor man"

3. Dedicated to poverty (begging)

4. Dedicated to itinerant evangelism

5. Growth

6. Missionary Outreach

7. Popular Institution

8. Group Splits: 3 branches

· The Lesser Friars

· The Capuchins and the Clarissas

· Brothers and Sisters of Penitence

II. Missions

Þ Nestorian : Asia

1. Central Asia 11th

2. India 13th - 14th

3. China 1250 - 1300

· Mongols

· Never Christian

· Kublai Khan

· Catholic missions followed

Þ Scholastic: theology : europe,12th

1. A new intellectual society

· Harmony between faith and reason

· Priority of theology over philosophy

· Christian dogma with Aristotle's theories

· Heavenly to earthly focus (man-centered)

· Influence of Renaissance thought

2. Famous scholastics

· Anselm 1050 - 1117

· Peter Abelard 1079 - 1142

· Peter Lombard 1100 - 1160

· Bonaventura 1221 - 1274 -"We believe to know. "

· Thomas Aquinas 1227 - 1274 - "We know to believe. "

Þ Catholic: Russia to China Sea

1. Franciscans: Persia

· 17 mission stations

· Tolerant

2. Dominicans: China

· Little evangelistic effort

· Subject the Eastern Church to Roman.

· Arrival of Marco Polo's father

· Subsequent teaching ministry

· Establishment of Franciscan churches

· Conquest of Ming Dynasty over Mongols

· End of Christian Church

· Mongols became Buddhist and Muslim

· Christianity a foreign invader

Þ Catholic: Middle East - N. Africa

3. Raymond Lull 1235 - 1315

· Roman Catholic priest

· Burden to win all people

· 1st great attempt to reach Muslims

· Arab and Hebrew teacher in university

· Three missionary journeys to N. Africa

· Stoned to death at age 80

· Plan for missionary training monastery

· Request for papal authority

· Socio-cultural commentary

· Latin Roman Catholic Church ethnocentric

· Lull an advocate of vernacular ministry

The Pre-Reformation

I. Need for reformation

A. Wealthy and greedy church

B. Papacy most luxurious court in Europe

C. Heavy taxation on people

D. Indulgences - The suppression of the punishment that one suffers in purgatory, based on merit or on money paid

E. Papal Schism (71 years) 1378 - 1449

1. One pope in Rome, Italy

2. One pope in Avignon, France

II. Change in political theory

A. Church and State formed government

B. Church and State begin to separate

C. Marsillius' writings at U. Paris 1275 - 1343

III. The Council of Constance 1415

A. End of papal schism

B. Hus tried and condemned

IV. The Renaissance

A. Humanism led to the study of ancient languages

B. Desire to return to sources

C. Return to Scripture apart from tradition

V. The printing press 1434

A. Gutenberg 1400 - 1468

B. Rapid distribution of Christian literature

VI. Rise of nation states 1450 - 1500

A. Regal power nationalized and consolidated

B. National consciousness

C. Patriotism in England, France, Spain, divided Germany

VII. Spiritual movements

A. Internal: Brethren of the Common Life

1. Semi-monastic Dutch laymen

a) Thomas at Kempis 1380 - 1471

b) Wessel Gransfort 1419 - 1489

2. Works not published until after Reform

a) Bible above pope and councils

b) Critic of indulgences

c) Little importance of church hierarchy

d) Salvation by faith alone

B. External: Persecuted groups

1. Patarians

2. Waldensians

3. Albigensians

4. Lollards

5. Hussites

Persecution of the Church

I. Patarians 1055 - 1075

A. Religious movement around Milan and Lombardy

B. Beginnings as an orthodox reform movement

C. Dispute over wealth of the clergy

D. Later association with Albigensians and Waldensians

II. Waldensians - lay movement late 12th

A. Peter Waldo - layman 1140 - 1206

B. Founder of the "Poor of Lyon" - vow to poverty 1170

C. Biblicism: the Bible is the sole rule of faith

D. Denial of the sacraments, Church hierarchy, and purgatory

E. Scripture memorized in vernacular

F. Clergy with unjustly ceased power; Laity with same rights as clergy

G. Rejection of the cult of saints and mass (transubstantiation)

H. Pacifism: non-resistance, no oaths

I. Condemnation at the Latran Council 1179

J. A new condemnation at the Verona Council 1184

K. Crusade against them led by Pope Innocent III - some joined the Hussites 1209

L. New Crusade led by Innocent VIII 1487

M. New Crusade against them by Louis XIV ending with the Patent of Turin. 1664

N. 20,000 Waldensians today in Italian Alps

III. Albigensians 12th-13th

A. Cathare heresy in S. France

B. Manichean doctrine: the spiritual is good / the physical is evil

C. No free will

D. Dualism: the believers / the "perfect"

E. Moral austerity contrasted with Catholic opulence

IV. Lollards- lay movement 14th - 15th

A. John Wyclif - lay scholar 1320 - 1384

B. Beginnings as a student movement at Oxford, England

C. Widespread influence in British Isles

D. Biblicism: Bible is the sole rule of faith

E. Biblical sacraments only

F. Doctrine of grace alone for salvation

G. Pope as Antichrist

H. No property for clergy

I. Celibacy for priests not necessary

J. Opposition to indulgences, religious pilgrimages. relics

K. Remains of Wyclif dug up and burned 1428

L. Scripture in English with glosses

V. Hussites Early 15th

A. John Hus 1371 - 1415

B. Priest at the University of Prague 1400

C. Dean at the University of Prague 1401

D. Rector at the University of Prague 1402

E. Influence of Wyclif to preach in vernacular

F. Liberty to preach sermons against the errors of the church

G. Demand for communion of bread and wine

H. Return to practices of the 1st-cent. Church

I. Excommunicated by Pope John XXIII 1410

J. A papal censure of Prague 1412

K. An order to come to Council of Constancy 1413

L. Execution by burning at the stake 1415

I. Martin Luther (1483-1546)

A. Chief pioneer of protestanism

B. German - born in Eisleben

C. Student - Masters at U. Erfurt 1505

D. Priest - Augustinian 1507

E. Theologian - Bachelors in theology 1509

F. Doctor - Doctor at U. of Wittenburg 1512

G. Professor - U. of Wittenburg 1512

H. Revelation - Romans 1:171514

I. Writer : 95 theses 1517, Translator of the Bible

J. Against monk John Tetzel

K. Against sale of indulgences

L. Three treatises 1520

M. Excommunicated at Worms 1521

N. Protection by German Prince, Frederick of Saxe

O. Rejection of the papal institution

P. Rejection of saving power of the sacraments

Q. Rejection of purgatory

R. Rejection of prayers to Mary

S. Rejection of mass (transubstantiation)

T. Communion with two elements (wine and bread)

U. "The real presence of Christ" in communion

V. Rejection of the monastic life and celibacy

W. Husband of a former nun, Catherine von Bora 1525

X. Founding of Lutheran Church by German princes 1526

II. Missionary expansion

A. N. and central Germany

B. N. Alsace (now part of France)

C. Denmark

D. Norway

E. Sweden (Andreae, Petri)

F. Finland (Agricola)

G. 70 million Lutherans today

III. Doctrine (found in The Book of Concord) 1577

A. The Bible is sole authority in matters of faith

B. Original sin of man

C. Man can only be liberated by faith and grace

D. Two sacraments only: baptism and communion

E. "Consubstantiation"

F. Different than Calvin and Zwingli

G. Return to 1st century Church

H. Critic of church hierarchy

I. Critic of monastic vows

J. Critic of indulgences

K. Collaboration between Church and State

IV. Controversies with Luther

A. Melanchthon 1527

1. Luther's denial of human freedom

2. Melanchthon's assertion of human cooperation

3. Good works emphasized 1535

a) not as price of salvation

b) as evidence of salvation

4. Luther's overemphasis in Holy Communion

5. not the physical presence of Christ

6. the spiritual presence of Christ

7. "not in the bread, but with the bread"

B. Andreas Osiander 1498 - 1552

1. Man not simply declared righteous by Christ

2. The sinner indwelled with righteousness

C. George Major 1502 - 1574

1. Good works evidence of salvation

D. Calvinists

1. Kaspar Olevianus 1536 - 1587

2. Zacharias Ursinus 1534 - 1583

V. Lutherans

A. Elector August of Saxony 1553 - 1586

B. Jakob Andreae 1528 - 1590

C. Martin Chemnitz 1522 - 1586

D. Nikolaus Selnecker 1530 - 1592

E. Johann Gerhard 1582 - 1637

I. Ulrich Zwingli 1484 - 1531

A. Northern Swiss reformer with a following in Zurich.

B. Student with humanistic training at Vienna.

C. Masters Degree from University of Basel 1506.

D. Priest at Eiensielden 1516.

E. Disturbance due to his lack of veneration of Mary 1517

F. Preacher at Zurich 1519

G. Critic of the pope, official Catholic dogma, corruption

H. Opponent of Luther concerning communion

I. Opponent of the Catholic Church and Catholic State

J. Opponent of celibacy of the priest 1522

K. Marriage to Anna Reinhart Meyer 1523

L. Advocate of a reformed Mass 1523

M. Writer of 67 theses ("Conclusions") 1523

N. Non-Catholic communion in Gross Munster 1525

O. Communion is a commemorative, symbolic act

P. No place for the fine arts in worship service

II. John Calvin 1509 - 1564

A. French reformer with following in Strasbourg

B. Swiss reformer with following in Geneva

C. Follower of Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples

D. Student of letters/philosophy: Paris

E. Student of law: Orleans & Bourges

F. Student of languages at Paris

G. Preacher for the Reform 1533

H. Refugee after the Placard Affair (Amboise) 1534

I. Expatriate in Basel, Switzerland

J. Writer of Institution of Christian Religion 1536

K. Teacher of theology in Strasbourg, France

L. Collaborator with Martin Bucer in Strasbourg

M. Director of Reformed Church of France

N. Husband of Idelette de Bure 1540

O. Translator of the Institution into French 1541

P. Collaborator of Farel: Geneva 1541

Q. Writer of Ecclesiastic Ordinances

R. Organizer of the Reformed Church of Geneva

S. Persecutor of religious and political opponents

1. Michel Servet - anti-trinitarian

T. One of the 1^st great French writers

U. Successor was Théodore de Bèze 1519 - 1604

III. Doctrine (in The Institution )

A. The Bible is unique source of faith

B. The Augustinian concept of predestination

C. The elect of God and Original sin

D. 1^st century simplicity of worship

E. Two sacraments only: baptism and communion

F. Communion is only a symbolic representation

G. Different than Luther and Zwingli

H. Collaboration of Church and State

IV. Work ethic

A. Hard work is praised

B. Loans are acceptable practices

V. Expansion

A. Switzerland (Swiss Reform) - Beginnings in Geneva

B. France (Huguenot) - N. W. , S. W. , Massif Central

C. Geneva: Calvinists against the Duke of Savoy

D. One congregation in Paris 1555

E. 72 congregations in France 1557

F. First General Synod 1559

G. Creed prepared by Antoine de la Roche Chandieu

H. 400,000 adherents 1560

I. Key families

A. The Guise family powerful, foreigners, catholic

1. Charles, cardinal of Lorraine 1542 - 1574

2. Francis, best soldier of France 1519 - 1563

B. The Bourbon family opposed to the Guise's

1. Antoine of Vendôme, titular King of Navarre

2. Louis, prince of Condé

C. The House of Châtillon opposed to the Guise's

1. Gaspard de Coligny

2. Poorly planned conspiracy of Amboise 1560

3. Attempt to kidnap the Guise heir to throne

4. Attempt to place the Bourbons on the throne

II. Key events

A. Death of King Francis II 1560

B. Succession of brother Charles IX 1560 - 1574

1. Catherine de Medici tolerant 1519 - 1589

2. Catholics not tolerant

C. Huguenot church attacked at Vassy 1562

D. Three savage wars with truces 1562 - 1570

1. Deaths of Francis, Antoine, Condé

2. Coligny left as head of Huguenots

E. Huguenot Treaty at St. Germain-en-Laye 1570

1. Nobles permitted freedom of worship

2. Two places of worship in each gov't division

3. Four cities placed under Huguenot control

F. Marriage of Protestant & Catholic nobles 1572

1. Henry of Navarre, son of late Antoine

2. Marguerite of Valois, Charles IX's sister

G. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572

1. Coligny dead - Catherine de Medici's intent

2. 8000 Protestants killed in Paris

3. Many more in all of France

H. Abdication of Protestantism by Henry Navarre

1. He did so to preserve his life.

2. Remained sympathetic to Protestants.

3. Many Protestants considered his act a betrayal.

I. Four more Huguenot wars 1573 - 1580

J. Death of Charles IX 1574

K. Succession of Henry III to throne 1574

1. Two groups of Catholics

a) Politiques - compromise with Huguenots

b) Ligue - Catholicism 1st, nationalism 2nd

L. Protestant reaffirmation by Henry Navarre 1576

M. 8th Huguenot war - War of the 3 Henry's 1585

1. Henry III - Royalists & Politiques

2. Henry of Guise - Ligue

3. Henry of Navarre - Huguenots

N. Assassination of Henry III by Ligue 1588

O. Ascension to the throne of Henry IV 1589

P. Henry IV's defeat of Ligue at Ivry 1590

Q. Henry IV's change to Catholicism 1593

R. Edict of Nantes - freedom of religion 1598

1. Period of Huguenot prosperity 1598 - 1610

S. Assassination of Henry IV by Ravaillac 1610

T. Persecution by Richelieu & Jesuits 1610 - 1750

1. Revocation Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV - 1685

2. Refugees to England, Holland, Prussia, America

U. Foundation of capitalism (Max Weber)

I. Conrad Grebel 1498 - 1526

A. Founder of Anabaptists

B. Collaborator with Felix Manz

C. Student at University of Basel 1514

D. Student at the University of Vienna 1515 - 1518

E. Student at the University of Paris 1518 - 1520

F. Joined Zwingli's group in Zurich 1520

G. Marriage to Barbara 1522

H. Conversion 1523

I. Disagreement with Zwingli (too conservative) 1523

J. Interest in Thomas Muntzer's ideas in Germany 1524

1. Proximity of millennium

2. Rejection of child baptism

K. Criticism of Lutheranism and Catholicism

1. Revolt of the poor

2. Letter to Muntzer 1524

3. No fine arts display in the worship service

4. Separation of the Church and State

5. Water baptism symbolic of preceding inner baptism

6. Pacifism: non-resistance

7. Non liturgical observance of communion

8. A faithful Church: quality more than quantity

9. Salvation of children before baptism

L. Debate between Zwingli and Grebel

1. Child or adult baptism

2. Separation or union of Church and State

M. First meeting of non-State Church at Manz's 21-1-1525

1. An adult, Priest George, was baptized

2. Life imprisonment of Anabaptist leaders 11-1525

N. Escape from prison 3-1526

O. Zwingli's order to behead Grebel's father 10-1526

P. Mantz ordered drowned (mockery of baptism) 1-1527

Q. Reform Catholic, Lutheran Calvinist

II. Missionary expansion

A. Activists with Thomas Muntzer in Saxe, Germany 1521

B. Pacifists with Conrad Grebel in Zurich, Switzerland

C. 1st Anabaptist Church in Zurich 1-21-1525

D. Rural areas of Switzerland

E. German-speaking Europe and Low Countries

III. Doctrine: Schlecheim meeting 2-1527, 7 articles)

A. Church membership

1. Community of adult believers

2. Believer's baptism only

3. No infant baptism as State required

4. Lord's supper

5. Separation from the world

6. Leadership I Tim. 3

B. Church-State relationship

1. Church separate from State

2. Church little to do with State

3. State - no authority over Church

4. Word of God - only authority over Church

5. Pacifism - no violence, no gov't protection

C. Characteristics

1. High standard of morality

2. Many pacifists

3. Many missionaries

4. Rural, lower middle class

IV. Key Anabaptists

A. Thomas Muntzer German 1489 - 1525

B. Conrad Grebel Swiss 1498 - 1526

C. Felix Manz Swiss

D. Blaurock Swiss

E. Hans Denck Swiss

F. Hans Hut Swiss

G. Balthasar Hubmaier Swiss

H. Jacob Hutter Austrian

I. Pilgram Marpeck S. German

J. Michael Sattler S. German

K. Melchior Hofmann Dutch

L. Jan Matthijs at Munster - a violent movement

M. Obbe & Dirks Philips- a pacifist movement

I. Menno Simms 1496 - 1561

A. Catholic priest 1524 - 1536

B. Convert to Protestantism 1536

C. Questions on transubstantiation 1526

D. Questions on adult baptism (rebaptism) 1531

E. Death of brother in anabaptist revolt 1535

F. Member of the Obbenites (Obbe Phillips' group)

G. Husband and father of many children 1536

H. Elder in a moderate Anabaptist group 1536

I. Writer of more than 20 works for N. Europe

J. Founder of the Mennonites

II. Jacob Amman

A. Elder : Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines 1693

B. Strict discipline of life

C. Rigorous excommunication practice

D. Split with main branch over shunning

E. Alsace churches

F. Palatinat churches

G. Founder of the Amish

H. Expansion in the United States

I. Johann Cornies 1789 - 1848

III. Doctrine

A. The divinity of Jesus Christ

B. Salvation by grace through faith

C. The Bible is the only authority in faith and ethics

D. Rejection of Church tradition

E. A Church of believers only

F. Separation of Church and State

G. A non-hierarchical form of Church

H. Rejection of infant baptism

I. Rejection of Church authority

J. No teaching on Christ's 1000 year reign (millennium)

K. Pacifism - antimilitary stand

L. Conservatives - particular clothing and habits

M. Christianity centered on the trinity, not Christ

IV. Missionary expansion (600,000) 1536-1976

A. Holland (120,000 members in 17th century) 1536

B. Germany: Alsace, Lorraine, Palatinat 1536

C. Switzerland 1536

D. Disappeared in Zurich

E. Developed in Bern, Neufchatel, Jura

F. Dantzig, Prussia (Poland today) 1540 - 1550

G. Russia (10,000 immigrants) (55,000 today) 1788 - 1880

H. Ukraine

I. Samara

J. N. America - 308,000 Mennonites

1. 70% USA, 30% Canada

2. first wave to N. Y. , Delaware 1640 - 1660

3. First settlement - Germantown, Pa. 1660 - 1690

4. Ohio, Ontario, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas . . .

5. 18,000 immigrants 1870

6. 21,000 immigrants 1922 - 1930

7. 7,000 immigrants 1946 - 1976

K. S. America - 45,000 Mennonites

1. 4,000 immigrants 1922 - 1930

2. 5,000 immigrants 1946 - 1976

L. Europe - 42,000 Mennonites 1976

M. Asia - 72,500 Mennonites 1976

N. Africa - 83,000 Mennonites in 1976

V. Conferences

A. Mennonite Church (conservative)- 105,000 members

B. General Conference (progressive)- 56,000 members

C. Mennonite Brethren (evangelistic) - 35,000 members

D. Old Order Amish - 25,000 members

E. Brothers in Christ - 12,500 members

VI. Missions

1. Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) - social arm

2. African Inner Mennonite Mission (AIMM)

3. Mennonite Brethren (CEFMZ) - church planting arm

I. Motives for internal reform

A. Protestantism on the increase

B. Strongest influence in Germany 1566

C. Strongest influence in France 1610

D. Preservation of Catholicism

E. Council of Latran V 1512 - 1517

F. Council of Trent 1545 - 1563

1. Real presence of Christ in Eucharist

2. Worship of the Virgin, Saints, images

3. The seven sacraments reaffirmed

a) Baptism (Infant)

b) Confirmation (Catechism)

c) Eucharist (Communion)

d) Penitence (Confession)

e) Marriage

f) Order

g) Extreme unction (Last rites)

4. Celibacy of priests reaffirmed

5. Moral supervision of the clergy

6. Prevention of clandestine marriages

7. Residency of bishops in dioceses

8. Editing Breviary, Missal, Catechism

9. Foundation of seminaries & colleges

10. Justification defined & work-merit

11. Church alone right of Bible interpretation

12. Scripture & tradition equal in truth

13. Catholic canon of Scripture

14. Vulgate as official Bible

15. Anti-Protestant spirit

16. Scholastic (medieval) theology

G. Thirty Years War 1618 - 1648

H. A political as well as religious war

1. Catholic: King and his supporters:

2. Dukes of Bavaria, Spanish troops, Walloons

3. Protestant: those against the king:

4. N. German princes, Sweden & Denmark

I. Edict of Restitution 1629

1. Catholic properties from 1552 restored

2. No Protestants allowed but Lutherans

3. France troubled by Habsburg Dynasty

4. Fr. intervention against Sp. intervention

5. Aid to the Protestant enemies

J. Swedish intervention for control of Baltic Sea

1. Gustavus' defeat of Tilly and Maximilian

2. Revocation of the Edict of Restitution

K. Stalemate: fragmentation of country

1. N. Germany uncontrolled by Catholics

2. S. Germany uncontrolled by Protestants

L. Peace of Westphalia 1648

1. Property restoration from 1624 as norm

2. Calvinists right of worship with Lutherans

3. No Protestant rights in Austria / Bohemia

M. Ascension of the Brandeburg Dynasty

II. Revival of zeal

A. Self-renouncing quietism

1. Mystical piety

2. Ascetic practices

a) Deep devotion to Catholic Church

b) Hope of regaining lost territories

c) Missionary endeavors

B. Orders : Dominicans Franciscans Jesuits

C. Missionaries

1. Francis Xavier-India, Japan 1506 - 1552

2. Matteo Ricci - China 1552 - 1610

3. Roberto de Nobili - India 1575 - 1656

D. Key counter reformers

1. 218th Pope Paul III 1468 - 1549

2. 219th Pope Julius III 1487 - 1555

3. 221st Pope Paul IV 1476 - 1559

4. 222nd Pope Pius IV 1499 - 1565

5. 223rd Pope Pius V 1504 - 1572

6. 224th Pope Gregory XIII 1502 - 1585

7. 225th Pope Sixtus V 1520 - 1590

8. Ignacius of Loyola 1491 - 1556

9. Charles Borromée 1538 - 1584

10. Philip Néri 1515 - 1595

11. Robert Bellarmin 1542 - 1621

12. Peter Canisius 1521 - 1597

13. Melchior Cano - Défense 1525 - 1560

III. Counter reform institutions

A. The Inquisition 1542

1. Judicial organization against heresy

2. Index - publications censure 1559 ,1564

3. Non-authorized versions of Scripture

4. Heretical books about religion

B. Orders

1. Theatines

2. Somascians

3. Barnabites

4. Ursalines

5. Jesuits

6. Oratorians

C. Territories

1. Prevention of Reform in Italy and Spain

2. Destruction of the Reform in France

3. Regaining of position in Austria, Holland, Germany

IV. Socianists (cult)

A. Founder Lelio Sozzini 1525 - 1562

B. Departure from Christian orthodoxy

C. Denial of the trinity or divinity of Christ

D. Satisfaction not demanded by God

E. Injustice: sins of guilty put on innocent

F. Accent on forgiveness , not His satisfaction

G. Denial-God's nature demands punishment

H. Denial-penalty of one justly met by another

I. Rejection of the authority of the Church

J. Against human inability & total depravity

K. Supporters in Holland and England

I. Spanish persecution in Holland

A. Philip II of Spain ruled in Netherlands.

1. Anabaptists replaced Lutherans

2. 10,000 Protestants in Holland.

B. William of Orange flees. 1533-1584

1. Count of Egmont is executed. 1667

2. Count of Horn is executed. 1669

C. Taxes are forced on the people.

D. William of Orange organizes rebellion.

1. Named leader of the Netherlands: Zealande, Friesland, Utdrecht.

2. Fr. help Protestants against Spain.

3. It ends with Huguenot troubles.

4. Spain cannot defeat N. provinces.

5. Resistance in South continues.

6. Queen Elizabeth helps insurgents.

7. William of Orange returns to Brussels.

8. Religious tolerance is proclaimed by Huguenot and Reformed refugees.

E. Catholic South vs. Protestant North.

1. The Ligue of Arras is Catholic.

2. The Union of Utrecht is Protestant.

3. William of Orange killed. 1584

F. The Netherlands is divided into Holland and Belgium. 1591

1. South: 10 Belgian provinces Spanish.

2. North: 7 Dutch provinces independent.

G. Calvinism is the doctrinal base of the Dutch Church.

II. The Gomarist Cult grows.

A. Predestination precedes Adam.

B. The emphasis is on the elect.

C. The elect receive grace.

D. The non-elect do not receive grace.

III. Jacobus Arminius 1560-1609

A. He studied at U of Leydan 1576-1582

B. He was a pastor at Amsterdam. 1588

C. became prof-theology at Leydan. 1603

D. He was involved in controversy with Franz Gomarus. 1563-71

E. Arminius did not believe man was predestined to fall.

1. Omniscient God knew he would fall.

2. God allowed it, but granted grace.

3. Predestination is conditional.

4. Man if free to accept or reject God.

F. Arminius became leader of the province of Holland.

1. Opposed Maurice, Calvinist

2. Victim of a coup d'état by Maurice.

3. Arminius beheaded in 1619

G. Johan Wtenbogaert, disciple. 1557-1644

H. Johan van Oldenbarneveldt was a disciple. 1547 - 1619

I. Hugo Grotius was a disciple. 1583 - 1645

1. He was a Jurist and historian

2. The founder of international law

3. Christ's death-clever response. 1617

a) Not a payment for man's sin

b) Tribute to sanctity of God's gov't.

c) Not an injustice

d) Divine tribute to offended law

4. Imprisonment after coup d'etat 1619

5. Escape from prison 1621

6. Peter Baro, disciple. 1534 - 1599

IV. Doctrine

A. Agreed with Pelagius on many points.

1. The creation was excellent.

2. Man if born with free will.

3. Original sin is not emphasized.

B. Arminians reacted Against Calvinism

1. Calvinists denounced them as cult.

2. Arminians against Calvinist rigors.

3. Religious credos de-emphasized.

4. Opposition to predestination

a) Predestination is based on divine foreknowledge

b) Dependence on the use men made of the grace

c) Death of Christ not for elect only

d) Death of Christ for all

e) Opposition to doctrine of irresistible grace

f) Adherence to belief that grace can be refused

g) Adherence to belief that men may lose salvation

C. Arminians agreed with Calvinists on some points.

1. Man is totally depraved & perverted.

2. They disagreed with the Pelagians on this point.

V. Persecution

A. Synod of Dort - Arminianism condemned 1618

B. Exile of Remonstrants

C. Calvinism - doctrinal base of Dutch Reform Church

D. Persecution ended upon the death of Maurice

I. Outline

A. The First Century Church 27 - 65

B. The Roman Empire 65 - 500

C. The Early Middle Ages 500 - 950

D. The Late Middle Ages 950 - 1500

E. Reformation and Expansion 1500 - 1800

F. Skepticism and Revival

G. The Great Missionary Century 1800 - 1900

H. World Christianity 1900 - 2000

II. General Context

A. The youth of Christianity

1. Animism - very ancient diminishing

2. Polytheism - Egypt, Italy, Greece diminishing

3. Zoroastrianism - Persia diminishing

4. Hinduism - 3000 yrs. old, India apogee 1500

5. Judaism - 3000 yrs. old, Israel diminishing

6. Confucianism - 2500 yrs. old, China diminishing

7. Buddhism - 2500 yrs. old, India apogee 500

8. Christianity - 2000 yrs. old maintaining

9. Manicheism - 1700 yrs. old extinct

10. Islam - 1300 yrs. old, Arabia advancing

B. The uniqueness of Christianity

1. More widespread than any other religion has ever been

2. God comes down to man instead of man going up to God.

3. The evolution of Christianity (three interpretations)

4. Christianity is decaying: post-Christian era in Europe

5. Christianity is expanding: largest expanse of any religion

6. Christianity will rise and fall until the end of the world.

C. The Pre-Christian Context

1. Egypt

2. Babylon

3. Israel

a) It never ranked with major empires, even under Solomon.

b) Disasters of the 8th and 6th centuries hurt the empire.

c) Faith was often purified after their trials.

d) Judaism holds its people together.

4. Greece

a) Antiochus Epiphanes - Seleucids B. C. 215 -163

b) Realm in Syria

c) Hellenization of Jewish society

d) Maccabeen Revolt

5. Rome

I. Biblical Activity

A. Make disciples Mt. 28:19,20

B. Preach the good news Mk. 16:15,16

C. Preach repentance and forgiveness Lk. 24:46-48

D. Go with divine authority Jn. 20:21

E. Receive power and be witnesses Ac. 1:8

II. Early Church Events

A. The crucifixion The sacrificial lamb of atonement

B. The resurrection The gift of eternal life

C. Pentecost The gift of the H. S.

D. The Church of Jerusalem The first church

E. Paul's missionary journeys The first mission agency

III. Church Planters

A. Peter 64

B. John

C. James the Younger

D. James the Elder

E. Thomas

F. Matthew

G. Andrew

H. Bartholomew

I. Paul

J. Timothy

K. Titus

IV. Persecutions

A. Martyrs

I. Evangelism

A. Preaching and teaching of evangelists:

B. Personal witness of believers

C. Every Christian a missionary

D. Equal treatment of social classes

E. Acts of kindness and charity

F. Faith shown in persecution and death

G. Intellectual reasoning of apologists: Origen, Tertullien

H. Meetings: synagogues, public places, homes, secret

II. Church Planting

III. Persecutions ("The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church" - Tertullian)

I. Emperor Constantine 306 - 337